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HUBS 192 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

blood vascular system

A

A closed supply and drainage system - continuous loop

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2
Q

Lymphatic system

A

A open entry drainage system - a one way system

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3
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Heart - lungs

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4
Q

Systematic circulation

A

heart - body

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5
Q

Right side of hearts job

A

Pumps blood to lungs

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6
Q

Left side of hearts job

A

pump oxygenated blood to the muscles (systemic circulation)

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7
Q

What is the supply side of the CVS

A

Arteries - carry things away from heart

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8
Q

What is the drainage side of CVS

A

Veins and lymphatics

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9
Q

What does the exchange network consist of

A

Capillaries
- continuous (controlled, tight)
- fenestrated (leaky)
- Sinusoidal (very leaky)

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10
Q

How is the heart positioned within the chest

A

turned to left and rotated anteriorly

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11
Q

Which ribs does the heart sit between

A

base - between 2 and 3
Apex - between 5 and 6

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12
Q

Where can the PMI (point of maximal impulse) be felt

A

it can be felt from the apex between the 5th and 6th ribs at the midclavicular line

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13
Q

What separates the right and left sides of the heart

A

Inter-ventricular septum

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14
Q

What veins return to the right atrium

A

Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus

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15
Q

What lungs return to the left atrium

A

Four pulmonary veins (2 right and 2 left)

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16
Q

Layers of heart wall from inner to outer

A

Endocardium - myocardium - epicardium - pericardium

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17
Q

Endocardium

A

Innermost layer
simple squamous epithelium
Loose irregular FCT
small blood vessels
Purkinje fibres

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18
Q

Which side of the heart has thicker myocardium and why

A

Left side - has to pump blood all over the body so need more muscle
Volume same, pressure different

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19
Q

Myocardium

A

Muscle layer of the heart

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20
Q

What does the epicardium contain

A

bLOOd vessels and loose irregular FCT, adipose
side note: its the outermost layer excluding pericardium

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21
Q

tWO MAIN components of the pericardium

A

Fibrous (outer) and serous (inner)

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22
Q

AV valve on left side of heart

A

Bicuspid

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23
Q

AV valve on right side

A

TRIcuspid

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24
Q

Function of semilunar valves

A

prevent blood returning into ventricles during filling

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25
Q

Function of AV valves

A

Prevent blood flowing back into atrium during ventricular contraction

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26
Q

What do the AV valves require to control shutting

A

Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles

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27
Q

What are the names of the heart arteries

A

Coronary arteries
- right - runs in right coronary groove
- left - runs in left coronary groove
- circumflex
- Anterior interventricular

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28
Q

What are the names of the heart veins

A

Cardiac veins
- coronary sinus (drains into the right atrium)
- great cardiac vein
- small cardiac vein

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29
Q

What links actin to actin in cardiac muscle cells

A

Adhesion belts

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30
Q

What links cytokeratin to cytokeratin in cardiac muscle cells

A

Desmosomes

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31
Q

What allows for electrochemical communication in cardiac muscle cells

A

Gap junction

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32
Q

What is the conduction system of the heart responsible for

A

it’s actions greatly increase the efficiency of heart pumping
responsible for the coordination of heart contraction and of atrioventricular valve action
aUTONOMIC NERVES ALTER THE RATE OF CONDUCTION impulse generation

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33
Q

Name the major arteries and veins from the heart to the foot and back

A

Ascending aorta - aortic arch - descending aorta - thoracic aorta - abdominal aorta - common iliac artery - external iliac artery - femoral artery - popliteal artery - posterior tibial artery - planter arch - capillaries - deep pathway(plantar venous arch - posterior tibial vein - popliteal vein - femoral vein) or superficial (great saphenous vein) - external iliac vein - common iliac vein - inferior vena cava

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34
Q

layers of the blood vessels (from inner to outer)

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

35
Q

Layers of the tunica intima

A

Endothelium - simple squamous epithelium
sub-endothelium - a sparse pad of loose FCT
Internal elastic lamina - condensed sheet of elastic tissue

36
Q

Role of the endothelium in tunica intima

A

prevent blood from clotting within the vessel

37
Q

tunica media

A

Smooth muscle
thickness proportional to vessel diameter and blood pressure the higher the pressure the thicker the media.
produces vasoconstriction

38
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

Loose fibrous connective tissue
high collagen
has vasa vasorum in ones that need it

39
Q

Arterioles

A

the resistance vessels of the circulation - determine blood pressure

40
Q

Capillaries

A

site of exchange between blood and tissue

41
Q

Venules

A

The smallest veins between capillaries and veins

42
Q

Which layer is often the thickest in the veins

A

Adventitia

43
Q

What is the thickness of the media in veins relative to arteries

A

much thinner

44
Q

What is the thickest layer of arteries

A

Media

45
Q

comparison between veins and arteries

A

veins have wider blood pathway so that they can carry the same amount of blood
Arteries have thicker wall to increase the pressure

46
Q

What do valves in the veins do

A

Only let the blood go one way

47
Q

wHERE would you find a more elastic artery and a more muscular artery

A

Muscular - further away from heart
Elastic - close to heart

48
Q

What are the three capillary characteristics

A

Thin walls
Large total Cross sectional area
Slow and smooth flow rate - cause walls can’t hold pressure, if too fast not enough time

49
Q

RBC and capillary function

A

The capillaries have a diameter of 8-10

49
Q

RBC and capillary function

A

The capillaries have a diameter of 8-10

49
Q

RBC and capillary function

A

The capillaries have a diameter of 8-10

49
Q

RBC and capillary function

A

The capillaries have a diameter of 8-10um due to this being the size of RBC which is so they they are close to the surrounding tissue and can optimise the rate of diffusion

50
Q

wHAT are capillaries made up of

A

single endothelial cells

51
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found

A

areas of the bidy where what leaves and enters has to be tightly controlled

52
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found

A

Where movement of fluid and molecules occurs quickly in large volumes

53
Q

What is the function of sinusiodal capillaries

A

to allow the plasma to pass into surrounding tissues without RBC’s

54
Q

What are capillaries surrounded by

A

a basement membrane

55
Q

Lymph vessels characteristics

A

Thin walled
No RBC
valves

56
Q

Where does lymph vessels link up to at the heart

A

upper right side - The right lymphatic duct drains into subclavian vein
the left side and lower right - The thoracic duct goes into left subclavian vein

57
Q

Where does fat from the GI tract go

A

lacteals - cisterna chyli - venus system

58
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxing
falling pressure

59
Q

Systole

A

contraction
risking pressure

60
Q

5 Main phases of cardiac cycle

A

Arterial systole, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, Isovolumetric relaxation and passive filling

61
Q

Hyper tension

A

high blood pressure

62
Q

Hypotension

A

Low blood pressure

63
Q

Difference between electrical and contractile cells

A

Contractile contains high actin and myosin causing a striated appearance
Electrical cells contain low actin and myosin cause a pale striated appearance

64
Q

flow=

A

pressure/resistance
Q=P/R

65
Q

Mean arterial pressure =(in relation to flow)

A

Q X R

66
Q

MAP =(in relation to CO)

A

CO x TPR

67
Q

CO =(in relation to stroke volume and HR)

A

= SV X HR

68
Q

What are Baroreceptors

A

Blood pressure sensors
- they are stretch receptor

69
Q

What are the 2 baroreceptors

A

Aortic arch and carotid sinus

70
Q

What is the vagus nerve

A

The parasympathetic nerve travelling from the spinal cord to the heart

71
Q

What nerve travels through the sympathetic trunk ganglion

A

The sympathetic cardiac nerve which travels to the heart

72
Q

What is the resistance equation

A

1/r^4

73
Q

Where is most blood stored

A

Systemic venous system

74
Q

Compliance

A

change in volume/change in pressure
how much the vessel will deform in response to applied force

75
Q

Starlings law of the heart

A

the more stretched muscle fibres are before a contraction the stronger the contraction will be.

76
Q

General functions of blood

A

transport, immune, coagulation

77
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

the formation of blood cells

78
Q

Where is haematopoiesis initiated

A

In red bone marrow which contains haemocytoblasts

79
Q

What sre the progenitors for all blood cells

A

Hemotoblasts - blood stem cells

80
Q

What does EPO do?

A

Its a chemical that tells stem cells to make more RBC

HUBS 192 (7 decks)

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