Skin

Question 1

Superficial layers of the skin are scrapped or rubbed away

Answer 1

Abrasion

Question 2

Skin is scaly and rough

Answer 2

Excessive dryness

Question 3

Inflammatory condition of the skin which occurs in and around the sebaceous gland

Answer 3

Acne

Question 4

Redness of the skin which may be associated with rashes, exposure to sun and elevated body temperature

Answer 4

Erythema

Question 5

excessive perspiration

Answer 5

Hyperhidrosis

Question 6

foul-smelling perspiration

Answer 6

Bromhidrosis

Question 7

patches of hypo pigmented skin caused by destruction of melanocytes in the area

Answer 7

Vitiligo

Question 8

Give examples of primary types of skin lesions

Answer 8

Macule
Patch
Papule
Plaque
Nodule
Tumor
Vesicle
Bulla
Pustule
Wheal
Cyst
Petechiae

Question 9

Give examples of secondary types of skin lesions

Answer 9

Scale
Crust
Erosion
Excoriation
Atrophy
Scar
Ulcer

Question 10

Any lesion caused by unrelieved pressure that result in damage to underlying tissues

Answer 10

Pressure Ulcer

Question 11

Examples of risk factors for pressure ulcer

Answer 11

Friction and shearing
Immobility
Inadequate nutrition
Fecal and urinary incontinence
Advanced age
Excessive body heat
Chronic medical conditions

Question 12

What are the stages of pressure sore formation?

Answer 12

Stage I — non-blanchable erythema of intact skin

Stage II — partial thickness skin loss involving epidermis and possible dermis (abrasion, blister or shallow crate)

Stage III — full-thickness skin loss involving damage or necrosis of subcutaneous tissue that may extend down to, but not through underlying fascia. Ulcer presents a deep crater.

Stage IV — full-thickness skin loss with extensive destruction, tissue necrosis or damage to muscles, bone or supporting structures such as tendon or joint capsule.

Question 13

How to prevent pressure ulcers?

Answer 13

• Provide adequate and balanced nutrition
• Clients should be assisted to take at least 2500 ml of fluids a day unless contraindicated
• Provide sufficient protein, vit. A, B1, B5, C and zinc
• Provide smooth, firm and wrinkle free
foundation on which client sits or lies
• Reduce shearing force by elevating the bed not more than 30 degrees
• Never use baby powder and cornstarch in preventing friction
• Apply cream or lotion on dry skin and protective films such as transparent dressing and alcohol free barrier films
• Avoid massage over bony prominences
• Change position every 15 mins to 2 hours

Question 14

How to treat pressure ulcers?

Answer 14

• Minimize direct pressure on the ulcer
• Clean the ulcer with every dressing
change, hydrocolloid dressing is used
• Clean and dress the ulcer using surgical asepsis
• Obtain a sample of drainage for culture and sensitivity
• Gently cleanse the wound using alcohol-free cleanser. Do not use hydrogen peroxide
• Black wounds requires debridement

Question 15

What are the types of debridement?

Answer 15

Sharp debridement - uses scalpel to separate and remove dead tissues

Mechanical debridement - uses moist-to-moist dressing

Chemical debridement - uses collagenase enzyme agents

Autolytic debridement - uses dressings that contains wound moisture