Concepts of Health and Illness

Question 1

is state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity (WHO).

Answer 1

Health

Question 2

The illness-wellness continuum that ranges from high-level wellness to premature death.

Answer 2

Travis’s Illness-Wellness Continuum

Question 3

Describes the relationship between a person’s belief and behavior

Answer 3

Health Belief Model

Question 4

What are the 4 parts of Smith’s Model of health?

Answer 4

Clinical model — identifies health as absence of signs and symptoms of disease or injury

Role performance model — health is identified in terms of individual’s ability to perform his/her work

Adaptive model — Health is a creative process; disease is a failure in adaptation; focuses on the ability of the
person to cope

Eudemonistic model — health is seen as a condition of actualization or realization of person’s potential

Question 5

States that there are three interactive factors that affect health and illness

Answer 5

LEAVELL AND CLARK’S AGENT-HOST- ENVIRONMENTAL MODEL (ECOLOGIC MODEL)

Question 6

person who may or may not be at risk of acquiring the disease

Answer 6

Host

Question 7

any factor or stressor that can cause or lead to illness

Answer 7

Agent

Question 8

any factor external to the host that may or may not predispose the person to the development
of the disease

Answer 8

Environment

Question 9

is the state in which the person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual
functioning is diminished or impaired compared with previous experiences

Answer 9

Illness

Question 10

an alteration in body functions resulting in reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal life
span

Answer 10

Disease

Question 11

What are the common causes of a Disease?

Answer 11

• Biologic agents (microorganisms)
• Inherited genetic defects (hemophilia)
• Developmental defects (imperforated anus)
• Physical agents (hot and cold substances)
• Chemical agents (emissions from smoke)
• Tissue response to injury (inflammation)
• Faulty chemical / metabolic process (inadequate iodine — goiter)
• Emotional / physical reaction to strew (anxiety)

Question 12

What are the stages of Illness?

Answer 12

• Symptom Experiences
• Assumption of the sick role
• Medical care contact
• Dependent Patient Role
• Recovery or Rehabilitation

Question 13

It refers to any situation, habit, environmental, physiologic psychologic condition, or another variable that increases the vulnerability of the individual to illness or accident such as:

• Genetic and physiological factors
• Age
• Environment
• Lifestyle

Answer 13

Risk factors

Question 14

What are the three levels of prevention created by Leavell and clark?

Answer 14

Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.

Question 15

Occurs after a disease or disability has occurred and the recovery process has begun

Answer 15

TERTIARY PREVENTION

Question 16

To encourage optimal health and to increase the person’s resistance to illness

Seeks to prevent a disease or a
condition at a pre-pathologic state

Answer 16

PRIMARY PREVENTION

Question 17

• It is also known as health maintenance
• Seeks to identify specific illnesses or conditions at an early stage with prompt intervention to prevent or limit
disability

Answer 17

SECONDARY PREVENTION

Question 18

Is a universal phenomenon, All people experience it. It Is also a condition in which the person responds to changes in the formal balanced state

Answer 18

STRESS

Question 19

is any event or stimulus that causes an individual to experience stress

Answer 19

STRESSOR

Question 20

What are the 4 sources of stress

Answer 20

Internal stressor
External stressor
Developmental stressor
Situational stressors

Question 21

The adjustments that a person make in different situations

Answer 21

Adaptation

Question 22

What are the 2 types of Adaptation?

Answer 22

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Local Adaptation Syndrome (LAS)

Question 23

The entire body is involved wherever man responds to stress

Answer 23

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Question 24

Man may respond to stress through a particular body part or body organ

Answer 24

Local Adaptation Syndrome (LAS)

Question 25

What are the 5 stages in GAS?

Answer 25

``` Alarm Reaction Shock Phase Counter-shock Phase Stage of Resistance Stage of Exhaustion ```

Question 26

What happens in the Alarm Reaction/Stage of Alarm?

Answer 26

- Alerts the body’s defense | - The person becomes aware of the presence of threat or danger

Question 27

What happens in the Shock/Resistance Phase?

Answer 27

Autonomic nervous system reacts, and large amount of epinephrine (adrenaline) and cortisone are released into the body

Question 28

What happens in the Counter-shock/Exhaustion phase?

Answer 28

The changes produced in the body during the shock phase are reversed

Question 29

What happens in the Stage of Resistance?

Answer 29

When the body’s adaptation takes place. The body attempts to cope with the stressor and limit the stressor to the smallest area of the body that can deal with it.

Question 30

What happens in the Stage of Exhaustion?

Answer 30

The ways used to coped with the stressors have been exhausted. If adaptation has not overcome the stressor, the stress affects may spread to the entire body. At the end of this stage, the body may either rest and return to normal, or death may be the ultimate consequence.

Question 31

What is the Sympatho-Adreno-Medullary Responses by Walter Cannon?

Answer 31

- SAMR or fight-or flight response - Adreno-cortical Response - Neurohypophyseal Response

Question 32

Local Physiologic Responses to Stress

Answer 32

Inflammation - involves mobilization of specific and nonspecific defense mechanism in response to tissue injury or infection

Question 33

What are the purposes of Inflammation?

Answer 33

- To localize tissue injury - To protect tissue from injury - To prepare tissue for repair

Question 34

What are the components of celullar response?

Answer 34

Neutrophils Monocytes Lymphocytes

Question 35

First to be launched at the site of the injury

Answer 35

Neutrophils

Question 36

Performs phagocytosis in chronic tissue injury

Answer 36

Monocytes

Question 37

Responsible for immune responses

Answer 37

Lymphocytes

Question 38

phagocytes line up at the peripheral walls of the blood vessels

Answer 38

Marginal / pavementation

Question 39

phagocytes shift out of the blood vessels

Answer 39

Emigration / diapedesis

Question 40

impaired tissues release substances which exert magnet-like force to the phagocytes to bring them to the areas of injury

Answer 40

Chemotaxis

Question 41

phagocytes ingest or engulf the antigens

Answer 41

Phagocytosis

Question 42

form an interlacing network to wall off the area, and | prevent spread of the injurious agent

Answer 42

Plasma protein fibrinogen and platelets

Question 43

What are the two healing processes?

Answer 43

Regeneration and scar formation

Question 44

Healing process that involves replacement of damaged tissue cells by new cells which are identical in structure or function

Answer 44

Regeneration

Question 45

Healing process that involves replacement of damaged tissue cells by fibrous tissue formation

Answer 45

Scar Formation

Question 46

The early stage of scar formation where it is still pink/red and is a fragile gelatinous tissue

Answer 46

Granulation tisse

Question 47

Later stage, forms because the tissue shrinks and the collagen fibers contract

Answer 47

Cicatrix or scar

Question 48

Healing classifications (3 intentions)

Answer 48

First intention - minimal or no scar tissue formation (clean-cut wound) Second Intention - wound is extensive and there is a great amount of tissue loss. The repair time is longer and the scarring is greater. Third intention - when there is delayed surgical closure of infected wound.