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fundamentals of nursing > Concepts of Health and Illness > Flashcards

Concepts of Health and Illness Flashcards

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1
Q

is state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity (WHO).

A

Health

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2
Q

The illness-wellness continuum that ranges from high-level wellness to premature death.

A

Travis’s Illness-Wellness Continuum

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3
Q

Describes the relationship between a person’s belief and behavior

A

Health Belief Model

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4
Q

What are the 4 parts of Smith’s Model of health?

A

Clinical model — identifies health as absence of signs and symptoms of disease or injury

Role performance model — health is identified in terms of individual’s ability to perform his/her work

Adaptive model — Health is a creative process; disease is a failure in adaptation; focuses on the ability of the
person to cope

Eudemonistic model — health is seen as a condition of actualization or realization of person’s potential

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5
Q

States that there are three interactive factors that affect health and illness

A

LEAVELL AND CLARK’S AGENT-HOST- ENVIRONMENTAL MODEL (ECOLOGIC MODEL)

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6
Q

person who may or may not be at risk of acquiring the disease

A

Host

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7
Q

any factor or stressor that can cause or lead to illness

A

Agent

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8
Q

any factor external to the host that may or may not predispose the person to the development
of the disease

A

Environment

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9
Q

is the state in which the person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual
functioning is diminished or impaired compared with previous experiences

A

Illness

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10
Q

an alteration in body functions resulting in reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal life
span

A

Disease

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11
Q

What are the common causes of a Disease?

A
  • Biologic agents (microorganisms)
  • Inherited genetic defects (hemophilia)
  • Developmental defects (imperforated anus)
  • Physical agents (hot and cold substances)
  • Chemical agents (emissions from smoke)
  • Tissue response to injury (inflammation)
  • Faulty chemical / metabolic process (inadequate iodine — goiter)
  • Emotional / physical reaction to strew (anxiety)
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12
Q

What are the stages of Illness?

A
  • Symptom Experiences
  • Assumption of the sick role
  • Medical care contact
  • Dependent Patient Role
  • Recovery or Rehabilitation
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13
Q

It refers to any situation, habit, environmental, physiologic psychologic condition, or another variable that increases the vulnerability of the individual to illness or accident such as:

  • Genetic and physiological factors
  • Age
  • Environment
  • Lifestyle
A

Risk factors

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14
Q

What are the three levels of prevention created by Leavell and clark?

A

Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.

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15
Q

Occurs after a disease or disability has occurred and the recovery process has begun

A

TERTIARY PREVENTION

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16
Q

To encourage optimal health and to increase the person’s resistance to illness

Seeks to prevent a disease or a
condition at a pre-pathologic state

A

PRIMARY PREVENTION

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17
Q

• It is also known as health maintenance
• Seeks to identify specific illnesses or conditions at an early stage with prompt intervention to prevent or limit
disability

A

SECONDARY PREVENTION

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18
Q

Is a universal phenomenon, All people experience it. It Is also a condition in which the person responds to changes in the formal balanced state

A

STRESS

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19
Q

is any event or stimulus that causes an individual to experience stress

A

STRESSOR

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20
Q

What are the 4 sources of stress

A

Internal stressor
External stressor
Developmental stressor
Situational stressors

21
Q

The adjustments that a person make in different situations

A

Adaptation

22
Q

What are the 2 types of Adaptation?

A

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Local Adaptation Syndrome (LAS)

23
Q

The entire body is involved wherever man responds to stress

A

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

24
Q

Man may respond to stress through a particular body part or body organ

A

Local Adaptation Syndrome (LAS)

25
Q

What are the 5 stages in GAS?

A 
Alarm Reaction
Shock Phase
Counter-shock Phase
Stage of Resistance
Stage of Exhaustion
26
Q

What happens in the Alarm Reaction/Stage of Alarm?

A
  • Alerts the body’s defense

- The person becomes aware of the presence of threat or danger

27
Q

What happens in the Shock/Resistance Phase?

A

Autonomic nervous system reacts, and large amount of epinephrine (adrenaline) and cortisone are
released into the body

28
Q

What happens in the Counter-shock/Exhaustion phase?

A

The changes produced in the body during the shock phase are reversed

29
Q

What happens in the Stage of Resistance?

A

When the body’s adaptation takes place. The body attempts to cope with the stressor and limit the stressor to the smallest area of the body that can deal with it.

30
Q

What happens in the Stage of Exhaustion?

A

The ways used to coped with the stressors have been exhausted. If adaptation has not overcome the stressor, the stress affects may spread to the entire body. At the end of this stage, the body may either rest and return to normal, or death may be the ultimate
consequence.

31
Q

What is the Sympatho-Adreno-Medullary Responses by Walter Cannon?

A
  • SAMR or fight-or flight response
  • Adreno-cortical Response
  • Neurohypophyseal Response
32
Q

Local Physiologic Responses to Stress

A

Inflammation - involves mobilization of specific and nonspecific defense mechanism in response to tissue injury or infection

33
Q

What are the purposes of Inflammation?

A
  • To localize tissue injury
  • To protect tissue from injury
  • To prepare tissue for repair
34
Q

What are the components of celullar response?

A

Neutrophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

35
Q

First to be launched at the site of the injury

A

Neutrophils

36
Q

Performs phagocytosis in chronic tissue injury

A

Monocytes

37
Q

Responsible for immune responses

A

Lymphocytes

38
Q

phagocytes line up at the peripheral walls of the blood vessels

A

Marginal / pavementation

39
Q

phagocytes shift out of the blood vessels

A

Emigration / diapedesis

40
Q

impaired tissues release substances which exert magnet-like force to the phagocytes to bring them to the areas of injury

A

Chemotaxis

41
Q

phagocytes ingest or engulf the antigens

A

Phagocytosis

42
Q

form an interlacing network to wall off the area, and

prevent spread of the injurious agent

A

Plasma protein fibrinogen and platelets

43
Q

What are the two healing processes?

A

Regeneration and scar formation

44
Q

Healing process that involves replacement of damaged tissue cells by new cells which are identical in structure
or function

A

Regeneration

45
Q

Healing process that involves replacement of damaged tissue cells by fibrous tissue formation

A

Scar Formation

46
Q

The early stage of scar formation where it is still pink/red and is a fragile gelatinous tissue

A

Granulation tisse

47
Q

Later stage, forms because the tissue shrinks and the collagen fibers contract

A

Cicatrix or scar

48
Q

Healing classifications (3 intentions)

A

First intention - minimal or no scar tissue formation (clean-cut wound)

Second Intention - wound is extensive and there is a great amount of tissue loss. The repair time is longer and the scarring is greater.

Third intention - when there is delayed surgical closure of infected wound.

fundamentals of nursing (26 decks)

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