Concepts of Health and Illness Flashcards
is state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity (WHO).
Health
The illness-wellness continuum that ranges from high-level wellness to premature death.
Travis’s Illness-Wellness Continuum
Describes the relationship between a person’s belief and behavior
Health Belief Model
What are the 4 parts of Smith’s Model of health?
Clinical model — identifies health as absence of signs and symptoms of disease or injury
Role performance model — health is identified in terms of individual’s ability to perform his/her work
Adaptive model — Health is a creative process; disease is a failure in adaptation; focuses on the ability of the
person to cope
Eudemonistic model — health is seen as a condition of actualization or realization of person’s potential
States that there are three interactive factors that affect health and illness
LEAVELL AND CLARK’S AGENT-HOST- ENVIRONMENTAL MODEL (ECOLOGIC MODEL)
person who may or may not be at risk of acquiring the disease
Host
any factor or stressor that can cause or lead to illness
Agent
any factor external to the host that may or may not predispose the person to the development
of the disease
Environment
is the state in which the person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual
functioning is diminished or impaired compared with previous experiences
Illness
an alteration in body functions resulting in reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal life
span
Disease
What are the common causes of a Disease?
- Biologic agents (microorganisms)
- Inherited genetic defects (hemophilia)
- Developmental defects (imperforated anus)
- Physical agents (hot and cold substances)
- Chemical agents (emissions from smoke)
- Tissue response to injury (inflammation)
- Faulty chemical / metabolic process (inadequate iodine — goiter)
- Emotional / physical reaction to strew (anxiety)
What are the stages of Illness?
- Symptom Experiences
- Assumption of the sick role
- Medical care contact
- Dependent Patient Role
- Recovery or Rehabilitation
It refers to any situation, habit, environmental, physiologic psychologic condition, or another variable that increases the vulnerability of the individual to illness or accident such as:
- Genetic and physiological factors
- Age
- Environment
- Lifestyle
Risk factors
What are the three levels of prevention created by Leavell and clark?
Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
Occurs after a disease or disability has occurred and the recovery process has begun
TERTIARY PREVENTION
To encourage optimal health and to increase the person’s resistance to illness
Seeks to prevent a disease or a
condition at a pre-pathologic state
PRIMARY PREVENTION
• It is also known as health maintenance
• Seeks to identify specific illnesses or conditions at an early stage with prompt intervention to prevent or limit
disability
SECONDARY PREVENTION
Is a universal phenomenon, All people experience it. It Is also a condition in which the person responds to changes in the formal balanced state
STRESS
is any event or stimulus that causes an individual to experience stress
STRESSOR
What are the 4 sources of stress
Internal stressor
External stressor
Developmental stressor
Situational stressors
The adjustments that a person make in different situations
Adaptation
What are the 2 types of Adaptation?
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Local Adaptation Syndrome (LAS)
The entire body is involved wherever man responds to stress
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Man may respond to stress through a particular body part or body organ
Local Adaptation Syndrome (LAS)
What are the 5 stages in GAS?
Alarm Reaction Shock Phase Counter-shock Phase Stage of Resistance Stage of Exhaustion
What happens in the Alarm Reaction/Stage of Alarm?
- Alerts the body’s defense
- The person becomes aware of the presence of threat or danger
What happens in the Shock/Resistance Phase?
Autonomic nervous system reacts, and large amount of epinephrine (adrenaline) and cortisone are
released into the body
What happens in the Counter-shock/Exhaustion phase?
The changes produced in the body during the shock phase are reversed
What happens in the Stage of Resistance?
When the body’s adaptation takes place. The body attempts to cope with the stressor and limit the stressor to the smallest area of the body that can deal with it.
What happens in the Stage of Exhaustion?
The ways used to coped with the stressors have been exhausted. If adaptation has not overcome the stressor, the stress affects may spread to the entire body. At the end of this stage, the body may either rest and return to normal, or death may be the ultimate
consequence.
What is the Sympatho-Adreno-Medullary Responses by Walter Cannon?
- SAMR or fight-or flight response
- Adreno-cortical Response
- Neurohypophyseal Response
Local Physiologic Responses to Stress
Inflammation - involves mobilization of specific and nonspecific defense mechanism in response to tissue injury or infection
What are the purposes of Inflammation?
- To localize tissue injury
- To protect tissue from injury
- To prepare tissue for repair
What are the components of celullar response?
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
First to be launched at the site of the injury
Neutrophils
Performs phagocytosis in chronic tissue injury
Monocytes
Responsible for immune responses
Lymphocytes
phagocytes line up at the peripheral walls of the blood vessels
Marginal / pavementation
phagocytes shift out of the blood vessels
Emigration / diapedesis
impaired tissues release substances which exert magnet-like force to the phagocytes to bring them to the areas of injury
Chemotaxis
phagocytes ingest or engulf the antigens
Phagocytosis
form an interlacing network to wall off the area, and
prevent spread of the injurious agent
Plasma protein fibrinogen and platelets
What are the two healing processes?
Regeneration and scar formation
Healing process that involves replacement of damaged tissue cells by new cells which are identical in structure
or function
Regeneration
Healing process that involves replacement of damaged tissue cells by fibrous tissue formation
Scar Formation
The early stage of scar formation where it is still pink/red and is a fragile gelatinous tissue
Granulation tisse
Later stage, forms because the tissue shrinks and the collagen fibers contract
Cicatrix or scar
Healing classifications (3 intentions)
First intention - minimal or no scar tissue formation (clean-cut wound)
Second Intention - wound is extensive and there is a great amount of tissue loss. The repair time is longer and the scarring is greater.
Third intention - when there is delayed surgical closure of infected wound.
