Skills and skill acquisition

Question 1

ability vs skill

Answer 1

ability - qualities a person is born with
skill - a learned and practiced ability

Question 2

Key factors affecting skill variation

Answer 2

• age and maturity: younger provides more time to become expert
• arousal conditions: clam = low arousal, motor skills = high arousal levels
• facilities: availability and accessibility
• environment: climate effects sports able to play
• coaching: quality
• anxiety: stops improvement
• motivation: influence skills you choose
• culture: background

Question 3

skills

Answer 3

gross skills - how we move
cognitive skills - how we think and make decisions
perceptual skills - how we visualise and anticipate things

Question 4

accurate

Answer 4

achieving precise, reliable movements

Question 5

consistent

Answer 5

performing to a high level every time with control and quality

Question 6

fluent

Answer 6

using movements that are quick, smooth and flowing without hesitation

Question 7

coordinated

Answer 7

moving different parts of the body together with efficiency and control

Question 8

aesthetically pleasing

Answer 8

display that looks good to the the spectator, judge or coach

Question 9

goal direct

Answer 9

focusing performing on a specific target and being determined to achieve it

Question 10

basic vs complex skills

Answer 10

basic - simple skills such as throwing and catching
complex skills - difficult skills that require a higher level of coordination and concentration

Question 11

open and closed skills

Answer 11

open - skills affected by the environment, performer has to react and adjust to the situation constantly
closed - not affected by the environment or the performers within it

Question 12

fine and gross skills

Answer 12

fine - precise movements that require high levels of accuracy and technique
gross - movements that use large muscle groups to produce big, powerful movements

Question 13

information processing model

Answer 13

• input
• decision making
• output
• feedback

Question 14

short term memory and long term memory

Answer 14

short - system for storing small amounts of information for a brief period
long - memory store that can hold vast amounts of information for a long period

Question 15

intrinsic and extrinsic feedback

Answer 15

intrinsic - information that comes from within concerning the feel of a movement
extrinsic - information that comes from an external source such as a coach

Question 16

limited-channel capacity

Answer 16

idea that our brains can only process a certain amount of information at once; too much results in overload

Question 17

single-channel hypothesis and multi-channel hypothesis

Answer 17

single - when receiving many stimuli from the environment the brain can only deal with one stimulus at a time
multi - brains can process different types of information at the same time by using different channels for different stimuli

Question 18

cognitive stage of learning

Answer 18

start to learn the new skill or technique, you consciously think about what is involved and actions needed to perform

Question 19

associative stage of learning

Answer 19

continue repeating and practicing the skills and techniques so they improve

Question 20

autonomous stage of learning

Answer 20

can perform the skill naturally without conscious thought with accuracy and control

Question 21

knowledge of results and performance

Answer 21

results - knowing score etc allows you to measure how well you have done
performance - analysing quality of movement and technique

Question 22

qualities of good feedback

Answer 22

fast - given as soon after event as possible
focused - upon the key areas of concern or development
factual - based on evidence

Question 23

Guidance

Answer 23

visual - form of images
verbal - form of words
manual - hands on guidance
mechanical - use of physical supports

Question 24

visual guidance advantages and disadvantages

Answer 24

advantages - see accurate performance
- demonstrations can be repeated
- slow motions allows you to focus on specific aspects of a skill

disadvantages - demonstration needs to be accurately performed
- poor quality videos are not helpful

Question 25

verbal guidance advantages and disadvantages

Answer 25

advantages - immediate instructions can be acted on straight away
- coaches assess learning through questions

disadvantages - complicated instructions are hard to take in
- some movements cannot be explained in words

Question 26

Manual/Mechanical guidance advantages and disadvantages

Answer 26

advantages - useful in early stages of learning to position learner
- individual gets a feel of the correct movement, muscle memory
- provides safe environment
- gives sense of security

disadvantages - depend on support
- give learners unrealistic feel of motion
- may resist when guidance is taken away