Skills and skill acquisition Flashcards
ability vs skill
ability - qualities a person is born with
skill - a learned and practiced ability
Key factors affecting skill variation
- age and maturity: younger provides more time to become expert
- arousal conditions: clam = low arousal, motor skills = high arousal levels
- facilities: availability and accessibility
- environment: climate effects sports able to play
- coaching: quality
- anxiety: stops improvement
- motivation: influence skills you choose
- culture: background
skills
gross skills - how we move
cognitive skills - how we think and make decisions
perceptual skills - how we visualise and anticipate things
accurate
achieving precise, reliable movements
consistent
performing to a high level every time with control and quality
fluent
using movements that are quick, smooth and flowing without hesitation
coordinated
moving different parts of the body together with efficiency and control
aesthetically pleasing
display that looks good to the the spectator, judge or coach
goal direct
focusing performing on a specific target and being determined to achieve it
basic vs complex skills
basic - simple skills such as throwing and catching
complex skills - difficult skills that require a higher level of coordination and concentration
open and closed skills
open - skills affected by the environment, performer has to react and adjust to the situation constantly
closed - not affected by the environment or the performers within it
fine and gross skills
fine - precise movements that require high levels of accuracy and technique
gross - movements that use large muscle groups to produce big, powerful movements
information processing model
- input
- decision making
- output
- feedback
short term memory and long term memory
short - system for storing small amounts of information for a brief period
long - memory store that can hold vast amounts of information for a long period
intrinsic and extrinsic feedback
intrinsic - information that comes from within concerning the feel of a movement
extrinsic - information that comes from an external source such as a coach
limited-channel capacity
idea that our brains can only process a certain amount of information at once; too much results in overload
single-channel hypothesis and multi-channel hypothesis
single - when receiving many stimuli from the environment the brain can only deal with one stimulus at a time
multi - brains can process different types of information at the same time by using different channels for different stimuli
cognitive stage of learning
start to learn the new skill or technique, you consciously think about what is involved and actions needed to perform
associative stage of learning
continue repeating and practicing the skills and techniques so they improve
autonomous stage of learning
can perform the skill naturally without conscious thought with accuracy and control
knowledge of results and performance
results - knowing score etc allows you to measure how well you have done
performance - analysing quality of movement and technique
qualities of good feedback
fast - given as soon after event as possible
focused - upon the key areas of concern or development
factual - based on evidence
Guidance
visual - form of images
verbal - form of words
manual - hands on guidance
mechanical - use of physical supports
visual guidance advantages and disadvantages
advantages - see accurate performance
- demonstrations can be repeated
- slow motions allows you to focus on specific aspects of a skill
disadvantages - demonstration needs to be accurately performed
- poor quality videos are not helpful
verbal guidance advantages and disadvantages
advantages - immediate instructions can be acted on straight away
- coaches assess learning through questions
disadvantages - complicated instructions are hard to take in
- some movements cannot be explained in words
Manual/Mechanical guidance advantages and disadvantages
advantages - useful in early stages of learning to position learner
- individual gets a feel of the correct movement, muscle memory
- provides safe environment
- gives sense of security
disadvantages - depend on support
- give learners unrealistic feel of motion
- may resist when guidance is taken away
