Functions Of The Body Flashcards
Main functions of the body
- Shape and support - frame for posture
- muscles attach to and organs sit in - Movement -jointed muscles,which allows movement
- Protection -prevents injury
- protects vital organs - Blood production- fight foreign organisms
- collect and transfer CO2 and oxygen
Types of bones
- Long bone - large movements, supports large muscles, generates speed and strength
(Humerus, femur) - Short bone - stability, support
(Tarsals,carpals) - Flat bone - protect vital organs, large surface area
(Cranium,pelvis) - Irregular bone - protection and support
(Vertebrae, patella)
Joint
- a joint is a place where two or more bones meet
- joints hold our bones together and allow to move
Types of joints
- fixed joint (fibrous) - no movement
- cranium - Slightly moveable (cartilaginous) - small movements
- cartilage as padding
- vertebrae - Freely moveable (synovial)
- complex construction
- more movement
- tendons and ligaments
Synovial joint construction
- Ligaments - holds bones together
- prevent dislocation - Cartilage- covers head of bone
- hard, tough, slippery layer for protection - Synovial membrane - protective barrier for synovial fluid
- Tendon - fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone
- enables tension - Synovial fluid - lubricates joint for friction free movement
- Joint capsule - structure that surrounds and protects joint
Types of synovial joints
- Ball and socket - freely moveable
- hip and shoulder - Hinge - movement in one direction only
- opens until straight
- limited movement
- elbow and knee
- allows flexion and tension
Ball and socket vs hinge
Due to the wider range of movement ball and socket joint is less stable than a hinge joint, which moves in just one direction. A ball and socket is therefore less stable and more prone to injury.
Movement ant joints
Flexion - reducing the angle at the joint
- catching a ball
Extension - Increasing the angle at the joint
- straight legs in long jump
Abductions - a sideways movement away from the body
-asking for a pass in netball
Adduction- a sideways movement towards the body
- breastroke leg movement
Rotation - joint moves in a circular motion
- rotating hip in gold shot
Circumduction - end of the bone moves in a circle
- bowling a cricket ball
Plantar flexion - ankle points foot away from leg
- pointing toes in ballet
Dorsiflexion- ankle brings toes closer to the shin
- athletes feet in starting block
Muscle fibre types
- myofibrils are strands that can grab on to each other and pull to make a muscle contract
- we all have fast and slow twitch muscle fibres but in different quantities, because of our genes
Slow twitch muscle fibres
- aerobic exercise
- have good oxygen supply - necessary for working muscles
- contract slowly
- can work for long periods of time under great stress without fatiguing
- better in endurance events
Fast twitch muscle fibres
- anaerobic don’t use oxygen to make energy
- contract quickly
- tire quickly
- better in speed events
- good for strength and power
Bicep and tricep antagonist muscle pair
The bicep is the agonist and the tricep is the antagonist when flexing at the elbow during the upwards phase of a bicep curl. The tricep is the agonist and the bicep is the antagonist when extending at the elbow for example when performing a jab in boxing.
Contractions
- Isotonic contraction - where muscle change in length as the contact ( press up)
- Concentric contraction - muscle contraction where the muscle shortens
- Eccentric contraction - muscle contraction where the muscle lengthens
- Isometric contraction - where muscles contract but stay the same length
(Wall sit)
Muscle vs tendon
Muscle - fibrous tissue that contracts to produce movement
Tendon - fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
- strong and able to withstand tension
Muscle types
- Involuntary muscles - not under your control
- found in organs
- makes up the wall of blood vessels - Cardiac muscle - Cannot control it when it contracts and relaxes
- pumps blood through your body - Voluntary muscles- attached to the skeleton by tendons
- under our control
