Psychology Flashcards
goal
a desired aim or outcome; something that you are trying to achieve
specific
- make target specific
- ‘I must run 30m in under 4s’
Measurable
- You can measure if you have achieved it or not
- a challenge and achievable in order to make progress
Realistic
- A goal that’s too difficult will demotivate you
- don’t make the target unrealistic
Time phased
- Goals should be planned ahead to give direction over a period of time
- goal for the next week/month/year
Exciting
- Exciting challanges will prevent you from getting bored
Recorded
- Goals should be written down, so you know what you are aiming for
motivation
the desire required to be successful; a driving force that makes you do something and decide how much effort to put in
motivation can be seen by:
- the amount of effort we put into a task
- how well we direct and focus our effort
- how long we stick to a a task
- what we a willing to give up and sacrifice for success
intrinsic motivation
motivation that comes from simply doing the activity itself, rather than to gain external rewards or prizes
extrinsic motivation
motivating forces that come from outside the person and the activity, such as prizes, trophies and praise from others
incentive
something that motivates or encourages someone to do something
intrinsic
- doing the sport for its own sake
- feelings of satisfaction
- improved fitness
- social rewards
extrinsic
- praise from friends/family
- money/prize awards
- desire for public attention
- search for sponsorship
factors that motivate intrinsic
- coach must ensure sessions remain enjoyable so you will continue to play
factors that motivate extrinsic
- coaches set goals on achieving awards
- encourage competitiveness
Arousal
an increased level of mental excitement and alertness; the state of being excited, keen and mentally and physically ready to perform a task
symptoms of physical arousal
- dry mouth
- increased breathing
- increased heart rate
- nausea
- sweaty palms
- tremor
optimum point of arousal
- phycologists Yerkes and Dodson (1908) identified that there is an optimum point of arousal that will enable us to perform at our best
optimum arousal depends on:
- the nature of the task- how much pressure is applied
- the skill of the performer - their ability
- the personality of the performer
arousal levels too low
- you will not be excited or focused enough to perform at required level
- fine motor skills require low levels of arousal to perform well
arousal level too high
- you feel anxious, nervous or stressed
- could fear the opposition
- may make mistakes or not give best performance
anxiety
a performers negative reaction to stress, causing them to feel worried, nervous or apprehensive
fears and worries can be to do with:
- uncertainty
- pressure
- effect on self esteem
- fear or harm
- frustration
cognitive anxiety
the mental symptoms that a performer feels, such as fear, worry and doubt; can occur if the performer is in a state of under-arousal or over-arousal
somatic anxiety
the physical signs of anxiety
adrenaline
adrenal glands release hormone called adrenalin into the bloodstream:
- increases heart rate
- increases respiration
- muscle tenses
mental rehearsal
running through a skill, sequence or event in your mind, in detail, using all your senses
visualisation
seeing the best positive outcome for the skill you are about to perform
deep breathing
a learned way of breathing in a deep, calm and focused way to promote relaxation as well as physical well-being
deep breathing allows a performer to:
- improve stamina by increasing the efficiency of their oxygen intake
- encourage correct breathing during exercise
- lower adrenalin amounts released to prevent heart rate from rising
introvert
a quiet, shy, reversed personality type; associated with individual sports
extrovert
a sociable, lively, optimistic, outgoing personality type; more associated with team sports
introvert factors
- excel at fine movement skills
- perform better with low levels of arousal
- practice alone
- dislike contact sports
extrovert factors
- sociable
- prefer team sports
- bored alone
- activities with lower levels of concentration
- sports with higher levels of arousal
- enjoy contact sports
introvert examples
- archery
- swimming
- Gymnastics
extrovert examples
- rugby
- hockey
- football
trait theory
the idea that people are born with certain inherited characteristics
social learning theory
theory that behaviour is learned in a social context, through observation or direct instruction
interactionist theory
idea that behaviour, beliefs and values are developed through individual and small group interactions
