Skill in Sport (Topic 5) Flashcards
define skill
something learned through practice, goal oriented, done with minimal energy and maximum certainty
What are the types of skill?
Motor, cognitive, perceptual, perceptual-motor
what is a motor skill?
movement oriented, does not require much thinking (weightlifting)
What is a cognitive skill?
requires lots of thinking (chess)
What is a perceptual skill?
using the senses to analysis what to do and make a decision (climber choosing their route)
wha is a perceptual-motor skill?
interpretation of the environment to respond with a motor response
What are the classifications of skill?
discrete, serial, continuous, open, closed, gross, fine, individual, co-active, interactive
What is a discrete skill?
clear start and finish (golf swing)
What is a serial skill?
linking together skills to form a longer more complex movement (triple jump)
What is a continuous skill?
the end of one cycle of movement is the beginning of the next (running/swimming)
What is an open skill?
skills that are significantly affected by the environmental conditions, externally paced (jumping for a rebound in basket ball)
What is a closed skill?
stable environment, internally paced (archery)
what is a gross motor skill?
movements that include large muscle groups
What is fine motor skill?
movements that involve smaller muscle groups and fine movements
What is an individual skill?
performed in isolation from others (high jump)
What is a co-active skill?
performed with someone else but with no direct contact (track races)
What is an interactive skill?
when other people are directly involved (soccer)
What is an ability?
something we are born with, enable people to perform a skill
what is the difference between skilled and novice performers?
Skilled: movements are fluid, they know what their goals are and how to achieve them, they are efficient and consistent
Novice: inconsistent, far from fluid and appear to be uncoordinated, movements are inefficient
what is welfords models of information processing?
What is the sensory information store (SIS)?
where all incoming information is help for about 0.5 seconds and is only passed on to the STM if rehearsed?
What is short term memory (STM)?
information is held for 10 seconds, retention and passage to the LTM depends of rehearsal, there is also capacity limitation
What is long term memory (LTM)?
no capacity limitation, information entry requires practice
How does one overcome the limited capacity of STM?
selective attention: focus on relevant information, ignore irrelevant information
What is response time?
the time from the introduction to stimuli to the completion of the action required to deal with the problem
(reaction time + movement time)
What factors determine response time?
Reaction time: number of choices one has to make
Movement time: fitness (power and speed of limb movement)
Hicks law
that the more choices you present your users with, the longer it will take them to reach a decision.
what is the psychological refractory period
the period of time during which the response to a second stimulus is significantly slowed
What is an open loop system?
when the action is carried out without any feedback or alterations (throwing a punch, once it has begun, it cannot be changed)
What is a closed loop system?
can be altered during their execution (returning a slow serve in tennis)
Types of feedback
intrinsic, extrinsic, knowledge of results and knowledge of performance
What is intrinsic feedback?
the physical feel of the movement as it is being performed
What is extrinsic feedback?
that which is given from an external source such as the coach, other athletes, parents and spectators
define Knowledge of performance
focuses on the information about how the action was performed
define Knowledge of results
information concerning the outcome of the action
define performance
a temporary occurrence, fluctuating over time
define learning
a relatively permanent change in performance resulting from practice or past experience
Types of practice
blocked, random and serial
What is blocked practice?
typical of some drills in which a skill is repeated over and over, with minimal interruption by other activities
What is random practice?
practicing by switching between the different skills in a random order such that the order is unpredictable to the athlete
What is serial practice?
practicing by switching between the different skills in a structured, predictable order
What is motivation?
what influences our decisions to participate in sport and physical activity. It enable us to maintain interest and continued involvement
