Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ID > Sketchy > Flashcards

Sketchy Flashcards

1
Q

Rhinovirus (Picornaviridae)

A

Rhinovirus (Picornaviridae)

Naked virus

Transmitted through inhalation

Unique among corona viruses b/c it is acid-labile (cannot go through GI tract, therefore cannot be transmitted fecal-orally like rest of Picornaviridae)

Transmitted through fomites

Rhinovirus enters host cell by attaching to ICAM-1

Rhinovirus grows best at cooler temperatures (33 degrees Celsius). Upper respiratory tract is cool.

Rhinovirus only affects Upper Respiratory Tract.

113 different serotypes so making vaccine is difficult (none for common cold)

No anti-viral treatments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Rubella Virus (Togaviridae)

A

Rubella Virus (Togaviridae)

Positive sense RNA virus

All Positive sense RNA viruses replicate in cytoplasm (outside nucleus)

Also called German Measles

Childhood exanthem

Togaviruses are enveloped

Togaviruses (and coronaviruses) produce one long polyprotein precursor that is cleaved by both viral and host proteases.

Buzzword: Immigrant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Congenital Rubella

A

Congenital Rubella

  • TORCH infection so can cross placenta and affect fetus in utero
  • Classic Triad: Congenital cataracts, Sensorineural deafness and PDA
  • Mental retardation, Microcephaly, Deafness, Blindness, Cataracts, Jaundice, PDA, Pulmonic Stenosis, Purpuric Blueberry Muffin Rash, Radiolucent bone lesions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Rubella in Childhood (Transmitted via Respiratory Droplets)

A

Rubella in Childhood (Transmitted via Respiratory Droplets)

  • Tender, postauricular and occipital lymphadenopathy
  • Maculopapular rash that begins on face and spreads downwards
  • Mild fever, lymphadenopathy and fatigue
  • Rash progresses faster than measles rash and doesn’t darken or coalesce. Lasts for 3 days.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Adult Rubella

A

Adult Rubella

  • Lymphadenopathy and fever
  • Arthralgia and Arthritis
  • MMR vaccine (live, attenuated vaccine that induces both humoral and cell-mediated immunity). Do not administer to pregnant or immunocompromised. Delay pregnancy one month to reduce transmission to fetus. Withhold from HIV pts until CD4 count is high enough (>200).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Coronavirus:

A

Coronavirus:

Positive, single stranded RNA virus

Encapsulated

Helical virus

SARS

Common Cold

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

Acute bronchitis that can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome

Diagnose SARS by testing for antibodies or confirming with PCR. Negative clinical finding if absence of antibodies for 28 days.

Treatment: Broad spectrum antibiotics, Ribavirin or Corticosteroids

Replicates in cytoplasm (like all other SS RNA viruses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Antigenic Drift:

A

Antigenic Drift:

Point mutations in the viral genome leading to changes in the hemagluttinin (HA) or neuroaminidase (NA) molecules. Cause epidemics.

Example: Seasonal Flu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Antigenic Shift:

A

Antigenic Shift:

Occur when antigenic segments of RNA are shared between different species. HA and NA can combine to form a new virus that is a mixture of the surface antigens. Segment reassortment. Responsible for pandemics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

H1N1

A

H1N1: Pandemic in 2009. Swine Flu. Result of antigenic shift between human, avian, and swine influenza viruses.

Influenza A: causes epidemics and pandemics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Influenza A:

A

Influenza A: pandemics and epidemics. Antigenic drift and shift.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Influenza B:

A

Influenza B: endemic outbreaks. Antigenic drift.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hemagglutinin (HA):

A

Hemagglutinin (HA): Specific glycoprotein on the surface of influenza viruses which binds to sialic acid found in membranes on cells of upper respiratory tract or red blood cells.

Causes RBCs to clump together

H1, H2 and H3 are HA antigens in influenza viruses that infect humans. Determines cell tropism (which cells virus can bind to).

Anti-HA antibodies are the same antibodies that protect you from the same strain in the future.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Influenza Virus Entry

A

Influenza Virus Entry:

HA binds to sialic acid on cell membrane

Virus endocytosed into cell

M2 protein (proton channel) creates acidic pH for viral uncoating (theoretically can prevent viral uncoating and replication by inhibiting M2; Mechanism of Amantidine and Remantidine).

Note: Influenza B lacks M2 protein

Amantidine no longer used for influenza due to resistance. Current use is for Parkinson’s to increase dopamine release.

Virus replicates in cell nucleus

Viruses become bound to host cell after replication through same sialic acid residues that HA was initially bound to

Neuraminidase (NA) cleaves sialic acid to release the newly formed virions from the host cell

Note: TamiFlu = Oseltamivir/Anamivir is NA inhibitor. Prevents virion release.

Administering after 72 hours will not be effective because the virions have already been replicated and released.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Influenza Vaccine

A

Flu Season: Dec. to Feb.

Administer influenza vaccine in Oct. for sufficient immune response before exposure

Live attenuated nasal spray

Injectable killed form

Trivalent form made from two A strains and one B strain

Quadrivalent form made with two strains of A and two strains of B

Children can receive vaccine after 6 months of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Classic Presentation for Pneumonia secondary to Influenza

A

Classic Presentation for Pneumonia secondary to Influenza

Old person

HPI suggests flu: Myalgias, Fever, week-long non-productive cough

Mild improvement before productive cough and fever onset

Ill-Appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a major complication of influenza?

A

Pneumonia is a major complication of influenza.

Staph aureus is common culprit of bacterial superinfection

Strep pneumoniae can also be responsible

17
Q

Reyes Syndrome

A

Reyes Syndrome

Child presents with fever, rash and vomiting

Mother administers aspirin for flu

Aspirin is contraindicated in children with viral illness

Life-threatening complications including liver failure and encephalitis

Aspirin uncouples oxidative phosphorylation

Note: Uncoupling agents disrupt the proton gradient along ETC.

This occurs in hepatic mitochondria in Reye’s Syndrome

Extensive damage to organelles visible under microscope

18
Q

What is a major complication of Influenza A?

A

Guillain-Barre is major complication of Influenza A

Ascending paralysis (starts in feet and moves upwards)

CSF: High protein with low WBC (albuminocytologic dissociation)

19
Q

Influenza Virus (Orthomyxoviridae)

A

Influenza Virus (Orthomyxoviridae)

Enveloped

8 virus segments

Spread via respiratory droplets

Flu season: Dec. to Feb. Vaccine administered in Oct. to build adequate immune response prior to virus exposure.

RNA negative so need to be transcribed into a positive strand using its own RNA polymerase

RNA negative so single stranded

All RNA viruses replicate in cytoplasm except Orthomyxoviridae, which replicates in nucleus

20
Q

Paramyxoviridae:

A

Paramyxoviridae:

Negative-sense RNA Virus

Since it is an RNA virus, it replicates in the cytoplasm

Note: Exception is orthomyxovirus

Paramyxoviruses are enveloped

Spread by respiratory droplets

MMR: Live, attenuated vaccine (contraindicated in pregnancy)

21
Q

Measles = Rubeola

A

Measles = Rubeola

4 C’s: Cough, Coryza, Conjunctivitis, Koplik Spots

Coryza = runny/stuffy nose caused by upper airway inflammation

Koplik Spots = Small, bluish white spots on red background found on buccal mucosa near second molars. Followed by itchy confluent maculo-papular rash. Originates from back of ears then spreads to face and neck before traveling to rest of body.

High fever (Over 40 degrees centigrade) that lasts 4 days

Major complications

Bacterial/Viral Pneumonia

Subacute sclerosing encephalitis (SSPE): Inflammation and sclerosing of the brain caused by persistent measles infection.

22
Q

Classic Encephalitis Presentation

A

Classic Encephalitis Presentation

Pt had measles as a child or immigrated (never been vaccinated)

5-15 years later personality changes, seizures, myoclonus, ataxia, and eventually coma/death

Anti-measles antibodies in CSF for diagnosis but no effective treatment

23
Q

Virulence Factors in Paramyxoviridae

A

Virulence Factors in Paramyxoviridae

HA

NA

Fusion proteins: Multinucleated giant cells (syncytia). Present in measles.

24
Q

Fusion Protein in Measles

A

Fusion protein: multinucleated giant cells (syncytia)

Formation of Warthin-Finkeldey cells

Found in lymphoid tissues

25
Q

Cytoplasmic and IC eosinophilic inclusion bodies indicates presence of

A

Measles

26
Q

Which virulence factor do measles not have?

A

NA

27
Q

Which vitamin reduces measles morbidity and mortality?

A

Vitamin A

28
Q

Virulence Factors for Measles:

A

Virulence Factors for Measles:

HA

Fusion protein

No NA

29
Q

Mumps

A

Mumps

Replicates in parotid glands (parotitis)

Can also be found in testes (orchitis = inflammation of epididymis. Testicular atrophy and impaired fertility)

Meningitis due to replication in CNS

MMR Vaccine

Virulence Factors

HA

Fusion protein

NA

30
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

A

Respiratory Syncytial Virus:

Infants less than 6 months of age

Affects cells by attaching to respiratory endothelium through G protein

Can cause bronchiolitis, pneumonia, rhinitis, pharyngitis

RSV is most common cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants

Virus creates syncytium: large multinucleated cells that get fused together. Fusion proteins as virulence factor.

Ribavirin (nucleoside analog) can be used to treat RSV affects in adults. Not recommended for pregnant women or children.

Palivizumab (monoclonal antibody against RSV fusion protein “F protein”) is used to prevent RSV disease in high risk children (premature)

31
Q

Parainfluenza Virus

A

Parainfluenza Virus

Cause of croup (seal-bark cough and inspiratory stridor)

Has all 3 virulence factors: fusion protein, HA and NA

X-ray: Steeple sign indicates croup. Narrowing of subglottal region that makes it look like a steeple on CXR.

Adults will get a severe cold instead of croup

Laryngotracheobronchitis = Croup

Buzzword for croup = Inspiratory stridor

32
Q
A

ID (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions