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ID > Immune Responses to Virus I > Flashcards

Immune Responses to Virus I Flashcards

1
Q

All viruses are

A

obligate IC pathogens

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2
Q

What are some special challenges to the immune system posed by viruses?

A
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3
Q

What are three general strategies for immune elimination of viruses?

A
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4
Q

What are some innate immune components present in newborns that can protect against viruses?

A

Complement

NK cells

Interferons

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5
Q

Innate immunity is involves recognition of

A

patterns (not epitopes)

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6
Q

Is innate immunity affected by immunization?

A

No

However, adjuvants stimulate innate immune cells (dendritic cells) and are sometimes used with vaccines.

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7
Q

Does innate immunity result in memory for the pathogen?

A

No

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8
Q

Function of vaccines?

A

Induce population of memory cells.

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9
Q

NOD-like receptors trigger

A

Apoptosis (suicidal)

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10
Q

Pattern recognition receptors

A

Cell Surface PRR

Endosomal PRR

Cytosolic PRR

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11
Q

Describe innate immune response to viruses

A
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12
Q

Describe interferon’s role in innate immunity.

A
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13
Q

Interferons limit

A

viral replication

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14
Q

Type I Interferons play an important role in

A

T cell regulation (Induce expression of MHC-I)

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15
Q

Complement Pathway

A

Recognizes Patterns

All three pathways lead to production of C3 convertase which cleaves C3 into two molecules: opsonin and anaphylatoxin

C3 is most important opsonin

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16
Q

Describe Complement Pathway’s role in innate immunity.

A
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17
Q

NK cells are activated when

A

Target cell no longer expresses MHC molecules

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18
Q

NK cells have two receptors:

A

Activating Receptor: Recognizes viral components

Inhibitory Receptor (trumps activation)

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19
Q

What happens to NK cell receptors when they see MHC-I?

A

Turn off

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20
Q

NK cells can kill tumor cells b/c

A

Tumor cells sometimes inhibit MHC-I expression

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21
Q

Describe NK cells role in innate immunity

A
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22
Q

Describe adaptive immunity

A
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23
Q

Blocking antibodies are

A

Primarily IgG but also IgA on mucosal surfaces

24
Q

Describe function of blocking antibodies

A

Block attachments to susceptible cells

Bind to viruses when they are EC to prepare them for opsonophagocytosis by phagocytic cells

Bind to virus-encoded host cell surface antigens to facilitate type of killing called antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (NK cell with Fc receptor can use this strategy to kill virus-infected cells).

25
Q

Describe antibody’s role in adaptive immunity

A
26
Q

Seroconversion is

A

Rise in antibody titer

27
Q

IgM implies

A

Recent, primary infection

28
Q

IgG implies

A

chronic or recent repeat infection

29
Q

Describe T Helper Cells role in adaptive immunity

A
30
Q

Describe Cytotoxic T cells role in adaptive immunity

A
31
Q

Rotavirus

A
32
Q

Which is an important immune response to rotavirus that reduces infection and dirrheal disease?

A

Production of secretory IgA antibodies

33
Q

Host immunity selects for virus variants that

A

evade protective immune mechanisms

34
Q

Evolving viral evasion mechanisms select for

A

new host immune protective responses over time

35
Q

Complement-Mediated Lysis

Interferon Production

Activation of NK cells and lysis

Cytokine production

A

Innate Immune Responses

36
Q

Antigen presentation to T cells

Activation of B and T cells

Neutralizing antibody

Opsonophagocytosis and killing

CTL-mediated lysis

Resolution of infection

A

Adaptive Immune Responses

37
Q

Influenza has immune evasion strategy of

A

Antigenic variation

38
Q

Describe immune evasion by viruses

A
39
Q

Immune Evasion: Virus Persistence

A
40
Q

Immune Evasion: Antigenic Variation

A
41
Q

Immune Evasion: MHC expression and antigen presentation

A
42
Q

Main points of immune evasion through MHC expression and antigen presentation

A

Block peptide loading for MHC (essential for expression) or

Degrade MHC molecules (sometimes virus encode products bind MHC)

43
Q

Describe immune evasion: Cytokines/growth factors

A
44
Q

Immune evasion by cytokines/growth factors: main points

A

Different viruses use different cytokine strategies directed at producing ligand mimics or inhbiting key receptor of cytokine

45
Q

Immune Evasion: Host Cell Death

A
46
Q

If host makes neutralizing antibody, virus escapes through

A

antigenic variation

47
Q

Activation of cytotoxic T-cells through antigen presentation to T cells results in virus escaping detection by

A

Virus inhibiting MHC expression (process involves transporter molecule TAP)

48
Q

If host is using activation of NK cells and lysis as a back-up system, virus may respond by

A

Inducing anti-apoptosis genes

49
Q

Which immune evasion mechanism best enables a virus to avoid immune elimination by cytotoxic T cells?

A

Inhibition of MHC-I expression

50
Q

Virus can escape immune system recognition by producing soluble Fc receptor mimic only in

A

EC Phase

51
Q

Viruses use evasion mechanisms that target

A

the most important protective host responses for that virus

52
Q

Viruses target both

A

innate and adaptive immunity

53
Q

Main points of lecture

A
54
Q

What is herpangina?

A

Small lesions on palate caused by Coxsackie A virus

55
Q

As a member of a first responder team prepared to assist in the event of a biowarfare attack, you are asked to consider being immunized for smallpox. The vaccine consists of a heterologous attenuated live virus, vaccinia, which is given at multiple puncture sites in the skin overlaying the deltoid muscle. What type of anti-viral immunity is intended to be induced by this form of vaccine?

A

Answer: Induction of serum antibodies and cytotoxic T cells

The primary purpose immunization is to induce circulating antibodies and memory T and B cells, which can be rapidly mobilized upon a subsequent encounter with a pathogen. The smallpox virus can be cleared by circulating antibodies and cytotoxic T cells are also protective, although there is evidence that CTLs mediate much of the skin damage associated with the smallpox rash. A is Incorrect. While vaccines can induce interferons, these immune mediators are short-lived. B is Incorrect. Vaccines do not alter a host’s innate immune responses. C is Incorrect. Vaccines can induce neutralizing secretory IgA antibodies, but immunization must be by the mucosal route (eg., oral or respiratory). D is Incorrect. NK cells are a component of the innate immune system. There numbers and activity are not altered by vaccination.

ID (13 decks)

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