Module Intro

Question 1

Explain the germ theory of disease.

Answer 1

Sickness is caused by contamination from the environment (germs).

Question 2

What are Koch’s Postulates?

Answer 2

1. The organism is regularly found in the lesions of the disease. 2. The organism can be isolated in pure culture on artificial media. 3. Inoculation of this pure culture produces a similar disease in experimental animals. 4. The organism can be recovered from the lesions in these animals.

Question 3

Infectious proteins

Answer 3

Prions

Question 4

Acellular

Answer 4

Virus

Question 5

Prokaryotic

Answer 5

Bacteria

Question 6

Eukaryotic

Answer 6

Fungi and Parasites

Question 7

Unicellular Parasites

Answer 7

Protozoans

Question 8

Multicellular Parasites

Answer 8

Helminths

Question 9

Primitive Nucleus -Bacteria -Small -Rigid peptidoglycan cell wall

Answer 9

Prokaryotic

Question 10

True Nucleus -Protozoa, fungi, plants, animals -Evolved from fusion of prokaryotic cells -Membrane-bound organelles (Nucleus and mitochondria/chloroplasts contain DNA) -Animal cells lack cell wall, fungal and plant cell walls are chemically different

Answer 10

Eukaryotic

Question 11

Linnean Binomial System

Answer 11

Escherichia Coli

Genus: Escherichia

Species: Coli

Question 12

From acquisition of microorganism to disease onset.

Answer 12

Incubation Period

Question 13

Nonspecific Symptoms

Answer 13

Prodrome

Question 14

Characterized Clinical Manifestations

Answer 14

Specific illness

Question 15

Examples of systemic specific illness

Answer 15

• Bacteremia
• Sepsis
• Septic/Toxic Shock

Question 16

Complications after resolution of symptoms to complete recovery

Answer 16

Convalescence

Question 17

Examples of Convalescence

Answer 17

• Chronic Carriers
• Latent Infections
• Permanent tissue damage after pathogen elimination

Question 18

Factors and mechanisms of disease spread

Answer 18

Epidemiology

Question 19

Limited to a small number of isolated cases (meningitis, relapsing fever)

Answer 19

Sporadic

Question 20

Continually prevailing in a region (malaria)

Answer 20

Endemic

Question 21

Outbreak (listeriosus, salmonellosis)

Answer 21

Epidemic

Question 22

Worldwide Outbreak (cholera, HIV/AIDS)

Answer 22

Pandemic

Question 23

Microorganism in symbiotic relationship with host

Answer 23

Symbiotic

Question 24

Ability of a microorganism to persist and multiply

Answer 24

Colonization

Question 25

Colonization with commensal microorganisms

Answer 25

Normal Flora

Question 26

Microorganism that can cause disease

Answer 26

Pathogen Pathogenicity = Ability Pathogenesis = Mechanism

Question 27

Degree of pathogenicity

Answer 27

Virulence

Question 28

Colonization by a pathogen

Answer 28

Infection

Question 29

Result of infectious process leading to host damage (symptoms)

Answer 29

Disease

Question 30

Cause of disease

Answer 30

Etiology

Question 31

ID₅₀

Answer 31

Infectious dose (number of microorganisms) needed to infect 50% of host population.

Question 32

LD₅₀

Answer 32

Lethal dose (number of microorganisms) needed to kill 50% of host population.

Question 33

Relationship between virulence and ID/LD

Answer 33

Inverse

Question 34

Zoonotic Infection

Answer 34

Infection that gets transmitted under natural conditions from an animal (reservoir host) to human. Can occur directly or indirectly (through vector). Example: Lyme Disease

Question 35

* Rabies Virus * Clostridium Tetani * Staphylococcus aureus * Pseudomonas

Answer 35

Skin, soft tissue (trauma)

Question 36

* Arboviruses * Rickettsia * Borrelia * Plasmodium

Answer 36

Skin, bloodstream (arthropod bite)

Question 37

* Influenza Viruses * Pneumonia causing Bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) * Fungi (Histoplasma)

Answer 37

Respiratory (Inhalation)

Question 38

* Norwalk virus * Shigella * Vibrio * Campylobacter * Giardia

Answer 38

Gastrointestinal (Ingestion)

Question 39

* HIV * Neisseria gonorrheae * Chlamydia trachomatis * Treponema pallidum * Trichomonas

Answer 39

Genital (Sexual Transmission)

Question 40

* Several viruses * Treponema pallidum * Listeria

Answer 40

Transplacental