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ID > Immune Responses to Virus II > Flashcards

Immune Responses to Virus II Flashcards

1
Q

Primary purpose of vaccines is to induce

A

Populations of memory B and T cells that form rapid response to pathogen exposure.

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2
Q

Describe anti-viral vaccines.

A
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3
Q

Factors influencing the efficacy of anti-viral vaccines.

A
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4
Q

Importance of measles vaccine

A
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5
Q

Importance of Measles Vaccine

A
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6
Q

Herd Immunity

A

Level of immunity in a population, which effectively prevents spread of disease.

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7
Q

How does herd immunity help unimmunized individuals?

A

Herd immunity indirectly protects unimmunized individuals by decreasing pathogen load.

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8
Q

Disappearance of a disease when immunization rates approach 100% (smallpox, polio) is due to

A

Herd Immunity

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9
Q

What is herd immunity for newly emerging or bioterrorism agents?

A

Zero

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10
Q

Why must children be at least one year old to receive measles immunization?

A

Interference with maternal antibodies

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11
Q

Interference is more common with what type of vaccine?

A

Live attenuated

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12
Q

Preformed antibody can interfere with immunization.

A
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13
Q

Recommended routine viral vaccines

A
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14
Q

What vaccines are important for elderly?

A

Varicella-Zoster after 60 yo

HBV after 60 yo, especially diabetics

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15
Q

Candidates for viral immunization

A
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16
Q

Attenuated vaccines can cause diseases in fetus b/c

A

They can cross placenta

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17
Q

Vaccine Adverse Effects

A
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18
Q

Which of the following is a standard component of the routine pediatric regimen of vaccines currently recommended by ACIP (US Advisory Committee on Immunization Pracitces)?

A

Rubella

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19
Q

Which vaccine should not be administered to immunocompromised individuals?

A

MMR

20
Q

Which condition places a patient at greatest risk for severe viral infections?

A

Deficiency of IL-2R-gamma (gamma-c deficiency)

-Cause of SCID (deletion of adaptive immune system)

Il-2 is important for lymphocytes (B and T cells)

21
Q
A

Induction of serum antibodies and cytotoxic T cells

Parenteral Subcutaneous vaccine

Some value from inducing IgG antibodies (serum antibodies)

Final clearance of pathogen will be due to cytotoxic T cells

Best way to induce cytotoxic T cells is to have a replicating attenuating virus b/c antigen presentation through MHC-I is necessary (b/c antigen is internal/endogenous)

Endogenous antigen gets broken up/processed by proteosome, and transported to TAP by MHC-I to be expressed on cell surface

22
Q

Subunit vaccines (proteins) are not very effective at inducing T cell immunity b/c

A

They are endogenous antigens (cannot be expressed by MHC-I)

23
Q

Does innate immunity get boosted by vaccines?

A

No

24
Q

Induction of high levels of interferons and induction of NK cells are examples of

A

Innate immunity

25
Q

Neutralizing IgA antibodies are most likely induced by

A

Mucosal Vaccines

26
Q

Active immunization

A

Using an antigen to induce population of memory B and T cells.

27
Q

Pre-formed antibodies from to child from mother is an example of

A

Pre-formed antibodies

28
Q

Pts who take IVIG are benefitting from

A

Passive Immunity

Pool of immunoglobins in IVIG contains a lot of antibodies (mostly IgG) against common pathogens

Concentration for any one pathogen-specific antibody is low so adequate for preventative purposes in B-cell or antibody deficient patient

29
Q

If high levels of a specific antibody to a specific antigen is needed

A

Source from people with high titers for specific antibodies (pool and isolate immunoglobins)

30
Q

Virus immune globulins

A
31
Q

Examples of recommended pre and post exposure virus immunoglobulins

A
32
Q

Graft vs. Host Disease

A

One month after transplant

Sunburn rash at onset

Progression to blistering and decimation

Hepatosplenomegaly

33
Q

Are viruses a problem in patients with phagocytic cell deficiencies?

A

No

34
Q

Are viral infections a problem in patients with complement deficiencies?

A

No

35
Q

Deficiencies of Cell-Mediated Immunity is equal to

A

T-cell deficiencies

36
Q

Antibody Deficiencies =

A

B cell deficiencies

37
Q

Highly lytic viruses are a problem with B cell deficiencies.

A

Influenza

RSV

Enteroviruses

38
Q

Latent/Persistent viruses are more of a problem in T cell deficiencies eg. Herpes Viruses (reactivation).

A

CMV

HSV

VZV

EBV

JC

HCV

39
Q

Which virus is the most common concern during transplant immunosuppression?

A

CMV: We all carry it.

40
Q

Patients at risk for opportunistic viral infections.

A
41
Q

Sepsis is caused by

A

Overzealous immune response to infectious agents or products

42
Q

What is infectious agent for mononucleosis?

A

EBV

43
Q
A

CD8+ cytotoxic T cells elminating EBV infected B cells

Splenomegaly caused by killing of B cells

Enlarged tonsils and lymph nodes due to T cell proliferation

Supportive Therapy for Mononucleosis

44
Q

Advanced rabies pt

A

Infection spread to CNS so vaccination (induce population of B and T cells) or immunoglobulin (lowers circulation of viral load) not appropriate

Antibodies will not interfere with vaccine (unlike measles)

45
Q

Newborn T cell deficiency signs (eg. DiGeorge)

A

Mucosal candidiasis

46
Q

B cell deficiencies do not become apparent until

A

5-7 months old b/c maternal antibodies are gradually lost

ID (13 decks)

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