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BMEN 309 Midterm 1 > Skeleton basics + AXIAL > Flashcards

Skeleton basics + AXIAL Flashcards

1
Q

Connective tissues of the skeleton

A

Cartilage and bone

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2
Q

Avascular/aneural (no nerves)
Highly hydrated matrix
Chondrocytes
Growth only during development (interstitial and appositional, regeneration difficult)

A

Cartilage

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3
Q

Type of growth where the tissue expands by cell division

A

Interstitial Growth

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4
Q

Type of growth where the tissue expands in layers on surface. Old layers are degenerated.

A

Appositional Growth

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5
Q

Most common type of cartilage
Surrounded by dense perichondrium

Connects ribs to sternum, covering of all synovial joints, form supporting structures in trachea and bronchi

Provides stiff but somewhat flexible support. Reduces friction between bony surfaces.

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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6
Q

What type of cartilage?

Contains numerous elastin fibres

Resilient and flexible

Outer ear, epiglottis, auditory tube, cartilage of larynx, nose, etc.

Provides support but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape

A

Elastic Cartilage

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7
Q

What type of cartilage?

Little ground substance

Densely interwoven collagen fibres

Durable and tough

Form intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, between some joints (meniscus).

Resists compression, prevents bone-to-bone contact, and limits relative movement.

A

Fibrocartilage

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8
Q

Hydroxyapatite matrix

Osteocytes

Osteon organization

Highly vascularized

High resistance to compression, rigid.

A

Bone

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9
Q

INORGANIC COMPONENT OF BONE

Calcium phosphates

Provide resistance to compression, durability

Cause bone to be radiopaque

A

Hydroxyapatites

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10
Q

Weakness in bones due to low density of the hydroxyapatite.

A

Osteoporosis

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11
Q

Organic Components of Bone

A

Osteoclasts, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoid.

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12
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone absorbing cells.

Organic component of bone.

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13
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone forming cells.

Organic component of bone

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14
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix

Organic component of bone

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15
Q

Osteoid

A

Unmineralized bony matrix

Organic component of bone

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16
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cell

A

Stem cell whose divisions produce osteoblasts

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17
Q

Spaces in which bone cells are present. Encase osteocytes in bones, and in cartilage they enclose chondrocytes.

A

Lacunae

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18
Q

Network of small canals

A

Canaliculi

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19
Q

Layers of compact matrix that surround a central canal. or weight-bearing concentric rings around Haversian canals (collagen fibres with mineralization).

A

Lamellae

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20
Q

Osteolysis

A

Osteoclasts degenerate the matrix of old bone.

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21
Q

Produces blood cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes & platelets.
Contains multipotent stem cells
Replaced every 120 days

Restricted to pelvis, ribs, end of long bones in adults. Found throughout the body in newborns.

A

Red (hematopoietic) Bone Marrow

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22
Q

Stores fat. Not volatile (last to be used).

A

Yellow Bone Marrow

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23
Q

Provides structure to body

Protects internal organs

Provides an anchor point for muscle contraction

Acts as a reservoir of minerals

Divisible into axial and appendicular

A

Skeletal System

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24
Q

Organized into osteons (Haversian systems).

Nerves and blood vessels pass through Haversian canals of osteons

Volkmann’s canals - perpendicular connections of Haversian canals.

A

Bone as an organ

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25
Q

Spongy bone, contains bone marrow (red for blood cell production and yellow for adipose deposition). Surrounded by periosteum.

A

Trabeculae

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26
Q

Superficial layer surrounding bone

Dense irregular connective tissue

Highly innervated

Isolates bone from surrounding environment

Participates in growth and repair

Continuous with joint capsule

A

Periosteum

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27
Q

Bone forms by replacing hyalin cartilage

Most of the bones in the body form via this type of ossification

A

Endochondral ossification

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28
Q

Bone develops from a fibrous membrane

A

Intramembranous ossification

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29
Q

Also known as dermal bone

Formation of most of the skull roof and portions of the clavicle and scapula

Fibrous tissue membrane formed by mesenchyme

A

Intramembranous Bone

30
Q

Also known as replacement bone

Cartilaginous precursor is invaded by osteoblasts and replaced with bone.

Appositional growth only.

A

Endochondral Bone

31
Q

Distal and proximal ends of the endochondral bone. Covered in hyaline cartilage.

A

Epiphysis

32
Q

Shaft of endochondral bone. Main, long portion. Contains marrow.

A

Diaphysis

33
Q

Area between epiphysis and diaphysis of the endochondral bone. Site of growth plate (epiphyseal plate).

A

Metaphysis

34
Q

Skeleton begins to develop how many weeks in the embryo?

A

6-8

35
Q

Primary ossification occurs in the ____?

A

Diaphysis. Expands from center of ossification towards epiphyses.

36
Q

Secondary ossification occurs in the ____?

A

Epiphyses. Articular cartilage replaced by bone, reinforcing articular ends.

37
Q

Ossification of _____ signals end of growth

A

Metaphysis. Finalized approximately 25 years of age in humans.

38
Q

Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage.

A

Axial Skeleton

39
Q

Protects brain and guards entrances to digestive and respirator tracts. Contains 22 bones: 8 form the neurocranium and 14 form the viscerocranium. 7 additional bones (6 ossicles and the hyoid bone).

A

Skull

40
Q

Houses and protects brain

Calvaria (frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal)

Cranial Base (spehnoid, ethmoid - cribriform plate)

Pterion

A

Neurocranium

41
Q

passage of the central nervous system through the skull connecting the brain with the spinal cord.

A

Foramen magnum

42
Q

Protect and support entrances of digestive and respiratory tracts

Protect delicate sensory organs

Maxilla

Nasal Conchae

Zygomatic bone (cheekbone)

Mandible

A

Viscerocranium

43
Q

Skull Sutures/Fontanelles

A

At birth suture formation is incomplete, bones held together with un-ossified fibrous connective tissue.

44
Q

Largest fontanelle. persists until 2 years old.

A

Anterior fontanelle

45
Q

Intramembranous ossification of fontanelles leads to the development of the…

A

Calvaria bone. Bone formation takes place at numerous sites simultaneously.

46
Q

Premature closure of the cranial sutures.

A

Craniostenosis

47
Q

Nasal Region

A

Sinuses and nasal concha

48
Q

Frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, and ethmoid. All connected to nasal passage. Are part of what?

A

Sinuses

49
Q

Increase surface area of nasal passage.

Mucosal lining

Spiral orientation creates turbulence in airflow.

A

Nasal Conchae

50
Q

Deciduous teeth

A

Baby teeth. 20 teeth total

51
Q

Adult teeth

A

second dentition (permanent teeth)

32 teeth total

52
Q

Consists of a series of bones

Support

Weight bearing

Flexible

Protects spinal cord and spinal nerves

Maintain upright body posture in sitting and standing

A

Vertebral Column

53
Q

Spinal curvatures starting from top of body (connected to skull) to bottom

A

Cervical (concave posterior, lordosis)

thoracic (concave anterior, kyphosis)

lumbar (lordosis)

sacral (kyphosis)

coccyx.

54
Q

how many of each vertebrae are there

A

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
3-5 coccyx

55
Q

Lateral curvature and rotation of vertebrae

Congenital or neuromuscular disease

Many idiopathic

A

Scoliosis

56
Q

What vertebrae is C1

A

Atlas

57
Q

What vertebrae is C2

A

Axis

58
Q

Fibrous outer ring of intervertebral discs

A

Anulus fibrosus

59
Q

Gelatinous core, remnant of notochord

A

Nucleus pulposus

60
Q

What is it called when the Anulus fibrosus elasticity declines with age

Protrusion of nucleus pulposus

A

Disc Herniation

61
Q

Formed by:
12 pairs of ribs
sternum
costal cartilage
12 thoracic vertebrae

Surrounds thoracic cavity and supports the pectoral girdle

Provides protection for thoracic and abdominal contents

A

Thoracic Cage

62
Q

True ribs

A

Ribs 1-7

Attach directly to sternum via own costal cartilage

63
Q

False ribs

A

Ribs 8-10

Costal cartilages fuse and attach to costal cartilage of Rib 7

64
Q

Floating ribs

A

Ribs 11-12

No connection to sternum

65
Q

Costochondral

A

Rib 1-10 bone and costal cartilage

66
Q

Sternocostal

A

Rib 1-7 costal cartilages to sternum

67
Q

Costovertebral joints

A

Head of rib

Costal tubercle

68
Q

Flat elongated bone consisting of three parts:
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process (indicates upper limit for liver, central tendon of diaphragm, and inferior border of heart).

A

Sternum

69
Q

Fibrous joints that link two bones with a membrane or ligaments

Minimal movement

Example: skull sutures, interosseous membranes

A

Syndesmosis

70
Q

Cartilaginous joints

bones united by fibrocartilaginous segments (example: costal cartilages of ribs, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis)

or by temporary articular cartilage that then fuses during development to form synostoses joint type (example: hip bones before growth plate closure).

A

Synchondrosis

71
Q

Most common joint

Free movement

Joint cavity

surrounded by joint capsule that has a membrane that secretes fluid (lubricant of joint), and around the outside is the fibrous capsule that supports the membrane and keeps the components of the joint connected.

Hyaline cartilage on articular surfaces

Example: knee joint

A

Synovial joints

BMEN 309 Midterm 1 (11 decks)

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