Principles

Question 1

Name the macromolecules

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids.

Question 2

Sugars, the primary means of energy storage and structure. Formed from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Important energy source for metabolism. Divided into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Answer 2

Carbohydrates

Question 3

Responsible for catalyzing all biological reactions (enzymes). Composed of a series of amino acids.

Answer 3

Proteins

Question 4

Fats, used for energy storage, cell signalling, and structure.

Answer 4

Lipids

Question 5

Responsible for encoding genetic information, catalysis, protein synthesis. Composed of carbohydrate backbone (either ribose or deoxyribose), nucleotide functional groups.

Answer 5

Nucleic Acids

Question 6

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains

Answer 6

Amphipathic

Question 7

Double-stranded. Uses thymine (T). Deoxyribose sugar backbone. Primarily genetic information.

Answer 7

DNA

Question 8

Single-stranded. Uses uracil (U). Ribose sugar backbone. Genetic information, cell signalling, enzymatic function.

Answer 8

RNA

Question 9

Linear sequences of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. With 100+ amino acids form a protein.

Answer 9

Polypeptides

Question 10

Amino acid sequence (protein structure)

Answer 10

Proteins: Primary Structure

Question 11

Bonds between atoms along polypeptide chain. Alpha-helix or Beta-pleated sheet (protein structure).

Answer 11

Proteins: Secondary Structure

Question 12

Complex folding for 3D shape (protein structure)

Answer 12

Proteins: Tertiary

Question 13

Polypeptide chains form protein complexes.

Answer 13

Proteins: Quaternary structure

Question 14

Human body begins life as a single cell, formed at fertilization, which replicates and divides to eventually produce all the different organ systems.

Answer 14

Embryogenesis

Question 15

Germ Layers

Answer 15

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm, Neural Crest. Give rise to body tissues, but retain some characteristics into adulthood.

Question 16

Characterized by little to no extracellular matrix. Cells instead adhere to each other. Produces outer layer of skin. Also forms brain and spinal cord.

Forms the epidermis, hair, nails, tooth enamel, and CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Answer 16

Ectoderm

Question 17

Cells are initially flat in shape, become columnar later in development. Lining of yolk sac (umbilical vesicle).

Lines the stomach, small intestine, colon, inner lining of the liver, and epithelium of the lungs.

Answer 17

Endoderm

Question 18

Only germ layer characterized by an extensive extracellular matrix.

Forms the vast majority of the body: muscle, blood vessels, heart, bone, tendons, ligaments.

Answer 18

Mesoderm

Question 19

Migrates throughout the early embryo, generates structures in face, produces sensory nerves, melanocytes of the skin, and induces change in nearby developing tissue.

Produces sensory nerves, melanin, adrenal glands.

Answer 19

Neural Crest