Principles Flashcards
Name the macromolecules
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids.
Sugars, the primary means of energy storage and structure. Formed from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Important energy source for metabolism. Divided into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Carbohydrates
Responsible for catalyzing all biological reactions (enzymes). Composed of a series of amino acids.
Proteins
Fats, used for energy storage, cell signalling, and structure.
Lipids
Responsible for encoding genetic information, catalysis, protein synthesis. Composed of carbohydrate backbone (either ribose or deoxyribose), nucleotide functional groups.
Nucleic Acids
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains
Amphipathic
Double-stranded. Uses thymine (T). Deoxyribose sugar backbone. Primarily genetic information.
DNA
Single-stranded. Uses uracil (U). Ribose sugar backbone. Genetic information, cell signalling, enzymatic function.
RNA
Linear sequences of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. With 100+ amino acids form a protein.
Polypeptides
Amino acid sequence (protein structure)
Proteins: Primary Structure
Bonds between atoms along polypeptide chain. Alpha-helix or Beta-pleated sheet (protein structure).
Proteins: Secondary Structure
Complex folding for 3D shape (protein structure)
Proteins: Tertiary
Polypeptide chains form protein complexes.
Proteins: Quaternary structure
Human body begins life as a single cell, formed at fertilization, which replicates and divides to eventually produce all the different organ systems.
Embryogenesis
Germ Layers
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm, Neural Crest. Give rise to body tissues, but retain some characteristics into adulthood.
Characterized by little to no extracellular matrix. Cells instead adhere to each other. Produces outer layer of skin. Also forms brain and spinal cord.
Forms the epidermis, hair, nails, tooth enamel, and CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Ectoderm
Cells are initially flat in shape, become columnar later in development. Lining of yolk sac (umbilical vesicle).
Lines the stomach, small intestine, colon, inner lining of the liver, and epithelium of the lungs.
Endoderm
Only germ layer characterized by an extensive extracellular matrix.
Forms the vast majority of the body: muscle, blood vessels, heart, bone, tendons, ligaments.
Mesoderm
Migrates throughout the early embryo, generates structures in face, produces sensory nerves, melanocytes of the skin, and induces change in nearby developing tissue.
Produces sensory nerves, melanin, adrenal glands.
Neural Crest
