Skeleton Flashcards
Draw a diagram of the skeleton
.
What do skeletons provide?
Support, protection of internal organs and a rigid frame for movement.
How many bones in the skeleton? How many parts of the skeleton and what are they called?
The human skeleton has 206 bones, which can be divided into two parts: axial and appendicular.
What are the parts of the axial skeleton?
Axial skeleton - skull, ribs (12 pairs), sternum (breastbone) and vertebrae (backbone).
What are the parts of the appendicular skeleton?
Appendicular skeleton - pectoral and pelvic girdles, and their attached limbs (arms and legs)
What is the spine and how many bones in it?
The spine (vertebral column, backbone) is a series of 33 bones (vertebrae).
Name the parts of the spine with amounts of vertebrae
Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacrum (5, fused), Coccyx (tailbone) (4 fused)
What are the main parts of the appendicular skeleton 1?
pectoral girdle and attached limb (arm)
What is the other name for collar bone?
clavicl
What is the other name for shoulder blade?
scapula
What is the name for the bones in your hands?
carpals and metacarpals
What are the main parts of the appendicular skeleton 2?
pelvic girdle, attached limb (leg)
What is another name for knee cap?
patella
What is another name for thigh bone?
femur
What is a name for the bones in the foot?
tarsals and metatarsals
What does a long bone contain?
A long bone contains a hollow centre region called the medullary cavity, containing yellow bone marrow that stores fat.
What is the periosteum
The periosteum is a tough fibrous layer surrounding each bone.
What covers the tips of bones in joints and what does it do?
Cartilage covers the tips of bones in joints, reducing friction, and acting as a shock absorber.
What are the main parts of a long bone?
head x2 and shaft
What covers the ends of a long bone?
cartilage
Draw a diagram of a long bone
.
What type of bone is in the head of a long bone and what is its function?
Spongy bone with red marrow (makes red blood cells)
What types of bone are in the shaft of a long bone?
Compact bone (hard) and spongy bone with yellow marrow (mainly fat)
What does compact bone consist of?
Compact bone consists of living cells (osteocytes) embedded in a matrix of calcium salts and a protein called collagen.
What is compact bone and where is it found?
Compact bone is very dense and is found mainly at the outer edge of bones
What does spongy bone consist of?
Spongy bone consists of a network of thin, bony columns and plates along with spaces filled with marrow [red or yellow]
What does spongy bone give to bones?
It gives moderate strength to bones but makes them lighter.
What does red marrow do?
Red marrow makes blood cells (red, white and platelets).
What is a joint?
A joint is where the two bones meet
What do ligaments do?
Ligaments hold the bones together at joints
How many types of joints are there and name them?
There are three main types of joint: immovable, partially movable and movable.
What is an immovable joint and give examples
Immovable joint - bones are fused, e.g. skull, pelvis.
What is a partially movable joint and give examples
Partially movable joint - bones slide over each other, e.g. wrist, ankle, spine.
Give an example of a freely moving joint and what is another name for it?
Freely moving (synovial) joint - ball-and-socket and hinge.
What does synovial fluid do?
Synovial fluid lubricates a joint and acts as a cushion
What does a ball-and-socket joint allow? Give examples of one
Ball-and-socket joint - allows movement in most directions, e.g. hip, shoulder.
What does a hinge joint do? Give examples of one
Hinge joint - allows movement in one plane only, e.g. elbow, knee, finger, toe.
Draw a diagram of a knee joint
.
What are the parts of a knee joint?
Muscle, tendon, cartilage, knee cap, femur, capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, tibia, ligament
What do muscles do?
Muscles pull on bones and so provide movement
What are muscles attached to a bone by?
tendons
What is the only thing muscles can do?
Muscles can only pull [when they contract]
Can muscles push?
no
What is another name for the head of the bone?
epiphysis
What is another name for the middle of the bone?
diaphysis
Why are muscles arranged in antagonistic pairs?
muscles can only pull not push
What are antagonistic muscles pairs?
pairs of muscles that operate in different directions
What are muscles always arranged in?
antagonistic muscle pairs
Give an example of an antagonistic muscle pair
the biceps and triceps, which control arm movement
Name a bone disorder
Arthritis
What is arthritis?
Arthritis is a painful disorder where there is inflammation in one or more joints, resulting in swelling, warmth, pain and restricted movement.
What can cause arthritis?
Many diseases can be a cause of arthritis, e.g. gout, TB and infections of the synovial membranes. Cartilage can degenerate through wear and tear, and old age.
How can cartilage degenerate?
Cartilage can degenerate through wear and tear, and old age.
What can prevent arthritis?
Could be through good diet, care in selection of footwear, not putting the bones and joints under excessive stress during exercise.
How can you treat arthritis?
With aspirin to reduce the swelling and pain, in severe cases, replacement with an artificial joint [e.g. the head of the femur in a hip joint].
What are the two types of arthritis?
rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
What is the skeleton first made of and what does this become? When does it become this?
In humans and other mammals, the skeleton of the embryo is first made of cartilage, and then replaced by bone while we are still in the womb.
What are bone forming cells called and what do they do when first making bone in the womb?
Bone forming cells called osteoblasts, invade the cartilage and produce a matrix of hard calcium phosphate and protein in which they become trapped.
Where does growth occur in the bone?
Growth occurs at the growth plate, the junction between the head (epiphysis) and the shaft (diaphysis) in the bone
Where is cartilage replaced by bones first?
At three centres of bone formation in the shaft and in the two heads of the bone
What happens when the shaft and head of a bone fused together on a human?
When the shaft and head fuse together, growth stops and the skeleton reaches its adult’s height.
What does bone have running through the hard calcium salts?
Bone has collagen fibres [a protein] running through the hard calcium salts.
What does the combination of collagen fibres and hard calcium salts do?
The combination of the two materials gives it greater strength than either material on their own
What can the collagen fibres running through hard calcium salts in bone be compared to?
It is similar to reinforced concrete (concrete with metal rods and wire through it)
What happens if you burn a bone?
If you burn a bone it crumbles
Why does a bone crumble when it burns?
The burning removes the living cells and the protein “wire”, leaving only the hard calcium salts, which crumble apart easily.
What happens if you put a bone in acid for a day?
If you put a bone in acid for a day, it becomes flexible and you can bend it.
Why would bone become flexible and bendy after being put in acid for a day?
The acid removes the hard calcium salts, leaving the flexible protein [collagen] fibres.
What are bone-forming cells called?
osteoblasts
What is the growth plate?
The area between the epiphysis and the diaphysis in a long bone within which bone growth occurs
What is the increase in the length of a bone due to?
a growth plate made of cartilage
Where is the growth plate found?
between the epiphysis and the diaphysis of the bone
What happens in a growth plate?
Cartilage is continually formed and turned into bone (ossified)
What is it called when cartilage is turned into bone?
it is ossified
When does the growth plate cease to function?
When a person becomes an adult
What does the growth plates ceasing to function do?
Limits the growth of the bones and the height of the individual
What is said to terminate the development of adult height?
The inactivation of the growth plate
What is an osteoclast?
a bone digesting cell
