Plant Structure Flashcards
Draw a structure of flowering plant
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What are the two portions of a plant?
Over ground shoot system and under ground root system
What are the parts of a plant
Apical bud, flower, stem, leaf, axillary bud, fruit, petiole, node, internode, node, primary (or tap) root, lateral (or secondary) root.
What is a meristem
An area of active cell division
Where are apical meristems found?
at the tip of the shoot and tip of the root and give an increase in length.
Where are lateral meristems found?
around the edges of some plants and give an increase in width
What are the functions of roots?
Anchor, absorb water, absorb minerals, transport absorbed materials to shoot, store food.
What are tap roots?
One main root growing from the radicle e.g. carrot
What are fibrous roots
Many equal sized roots arising from stem base e.g. grass
How many types of roots are there?
2
What are the four root zones?
Differentiation zone, elongation zone, meristematic zone, protection zone.
draw a diagram of a root
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What happens in a differentiation zone?
Cells develop into 3 different types of tissue
What happens in an elongation zone?
Here cells increase in size
What happens in a meristematic zone?
Here new cells are produced by mitosis divisions
What happens in a protection zone?
A root cap protects the cells as the root pushes through the soil
Draw a transverse section of tissue location in a root
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Name the tissues in the root
Dermal Tissue, Xylem, Vascular Tissue, Phloem, Ground Tissue
Draw a longitudinal section of the root
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What are the functions of the stem?
Support the arial parts of the plant.
Transport water and minerals from roots to leafs.
Transport food from leafs to roots.
Sometimes store food
What are the functions of outer stem parts?
Terminal Bud - increase stem length
Lateral Bud - Grow side branches
Lenticels - Gas exchanges
Draw a diagram of a transverse section of tissue location in a stem.
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Name the tissues in a stem
Dermal tissue, Xylem, Phloem, Ground tissue, Vascular tissue.
What are the functions of a leaf?
Photosynthesis, transpiration, gas exchange, sometimes store food.
What are the two types of cell in xylem?
xylem tracheids and xylem vessels
Where are xylem tracheids found?
conifers
Where are xylem vessels found?
deciduous trees
What are xylem cells like on maturity?
On maturity both are dead, hollow and contain no cytoplasm
Describe a xylem tracheid structure
Long cells tapered at both ends
Pits in the walls - allow water and minerals to mover sideways from cell to cell
Walls thickened with lignin for support
Draw a xylem tracheid structure
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Draw a xylem vessels structure
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Describe a xylem vessels structure
Elongated cells
Spiral lignin for strength
No end walls - form a continuous tube
Pits to allow sideways movement of water
What are the two types of cell in a phloem structure?
Sieve tube cells and companion cells
Draw a diagram of a phloem structure
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What does the nucleus control in phloem?
the activities of both companion and sieve tube cell
What happens to cytoplasm in phloem structure?
Cytoplasm extends from cell to cell through the sieve plate
What is different about mature cells
mature cells have no nucleus
name the plates in a phloem structure
sieve plates
What is an example of a monocot?
grass
What is an example of a dicot?
buttercup
What is the number of cotyledons that monocotyledons and dicotyledons have?
Monocots = one Dicots = two
What is the arrangement of vascular bundles in the stem of the monocot and dicot like?
monocot = scattered in the stem dicot = in a ring pattern
What is the leaf venation of a monocot and a dicot like?
monocot = parallel dicot = netted
What is the number of flower parts in a monocot and a dicot?
monocot = in threes dicot = In fours and fives
Are monocots and dicots woody or herbaceous?
Monocot = Almost all are herbaceous Dicot = May be woody or herbaceous
What does an autotrophic organism do?
It makes it’s own food
How do plants make their own food?
photosynthesis
Why do plants need a transport system?
To provide the materials needed for various plant metabolic processes including photosynthesis, respiration, growth and reproduction.
What materials are transported in plants?
Water, carbon dioxide, minerals, carbohydrates produced in photosynthesis
How does water enter the root hair cells?
By osmosis
How are root hairs adapted to the process of osmosis?
By having thin walls and a large surface area
Draw a diagram of water moving through a plant
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How does water move through a plant?
By diffusion from the root hairs into the ground tissue and eventually reaches the xylem
What do xylem form from roots to leaf?
continuous hollow pipes
Draw a diagram of water entering the root, labeling the root hair, ground tissue and xylem
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How many mechanisms cause upward movement of water through the stem in the xylem and what are they called.
Two mechanisms combined to cause upward movement of water through the stem in the xylem - root pressure and transpiration.
How does root pressure cause upward movement of water through the stem in the xylem?
As water moves into the root by osmosis it builds up a pressure that pushes water up the xylem
How does transpiration cause upward movement of water through the stem in the xylem?
As water evaporates from the leaf by transpiration, more water is pulled upwards through the xylem and into the leaf