Five Kingdoms Flashcards
What are Monera mostly composed of?
Bacteria
What kingdom does bacteria belong to?
Monera
What type of organisms are bacteria?
Unicellular organisms
What are bacteria also classified as? Why?
Prokaryotes, as they have no membrane bound nucleus or membrane bound cell organelles.
What are the different shapes that bacteria are classified into? Give examples of each.
- Spherical (cocci) e.g. pneumonia
- Rod (bacillus) e.g. anthrax, E.coli
- Spiral (spirillum) e.g. syphilis
Draw the two diagrams on edmodo of bacterial structures
now
How do bacteria reproduce?
asexually
What is the method used by a bacteria to reproduce called?
Binary Fission
How does binary fission occur?
The chromosome attaches to the plasma membrane and the DNA is replicated. Then the cell elongates and the two chromosomes separate. The cell wall grows to divide the cell in two. Two identical daughter cells are formed.
Draw binary fission in action.
now
How is DNA replicated during binary fission?
The chromosome attaches to the plasma membrane and the DNA is replicated. Then the cell elongates and the two chromosomes separate.
What does bacteria reproducing asexually cause?
Their offspring are genetically identical
What would one expect to occur because of bacteria reproducing asexually?
As there is little recombination of genetic material in this method of reproduction one would expect that bacteria would be slow to evolve.
How long is the lifecycle of bacteria?
Bacteria has a very short lifecycle (some can reproduce every 20 minutes).
Do new mutations spread fast in bacteria? What does this cause?
New mutations can spread very quickly. This is how bacteria evolve resistance to new antibiotics.
Give one way that bacteria can withstand unfavourable conditions.
Some bacteria can withstand unfavourable conditions by producing endospores.
How are endospores formed?
When the bacterial chromosome replicates. One of the new strands becomes enclosed in a tough-walled capsule called an endospore. The parent cell then breaks down and the endospore remains dormant. When conditions are favourable the spores absorb water, break their walls and reproduce by binary fission.
What is an endospore
A tough-walled capsule that encloses one of the new strands of bacterial chromosome
What are the parts of bacterial cells?
Cell wall, cytoplasm, nuclear material, capule, flagella, plasmid*. sometimes present
What is the function of the bacterial cell wall?
Gives shape and structure
What is the function of the bacterial cell cytoplasm?
Contains ribosomes and storage granules but no mitochondria or chloroplasts
What is the function of the bacterial cell nuclear material?
Single chromosome of DNA
What is the function of the bacterial cell capsule?
Protection
What is the function of the bacterial cell flagella?
Movement
What is the function of the bacterial cell plasmid?
Circular piece of DNA containing few genes for drug resistance
Autotrophic
Organisms which make their own food
Heterotrophic
Organisms which take in food made by other organisms
Name two types of autotrophic bacteria
Photosynthetic bacteria and chemosynthetic bacteria
What do photosynthetic bacteria do and give an example of them
Use light energy to make food e.g. purple sulphur bacteria
What do chemosynthetic bacteria do and give an example of them
Use energy from chemical reactions to make food e.g. nitrifying bacteria that convert ammonia to nitrates in the nitrogen cycle
Name two types of heterotrophic bacteria
Saprophytic bacteria and parasitic bacteria
What do saprophytic bacteria do and give an example of them
Live off dead organic matter e.g. bacteria of decay in the soil
What do parasitic bacteria do and give an example of them
Take food from live host. Some cause diseases.
e.g. Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax
What must bacteria have for the maximum growth rate?
For the maximum growth rate bacteria must have access to a food source and the conditions of their environment must be monitored closely
What factors in too much or little an amount will slow down the growth of bacteria?
Temperature, oxygen concentration, pH, external solute concentration, pressure
What is the ideal temperature for bacteria and what can happen if the temp. gets too high or too low?
Most bacteria grow well between 20 degrees celsius and thirty degrees celsius. Some can tolerate much higher temperatures without their enzymes becoming denatured. Low temperatures slow down the rate of reaction of enzymes resulting in slower growth.
What happens if a bacterium is placed in an unsuitable pH?
It’s enzymes will become denatured
Do bacteria require oxygen?
Aerobic bacteria require oxygen for respiration e.g. streptococcus. Anaerobic bacteria do not require oxygen to respire e.g. Facultative anaerobes such as E.Coli
Why is oxygen sometimes bubbled through bioreactors?
Aerobic bacteria require oxygen for respiration
What is sometimes changed in industry due to the fact that aerobic bacteria require oxygen for respiration?
Oxygen is sometimes bubbled through bioreactors
What are the two types of anaerobic bacteria? Give examples.
Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes. Facultative anaerobes can respire with or without oxygen e.g. E.Coli (found in intestines).
Obligate anaerobes can only respire in the absence of oxygen e.g. Colstridium tetani (causes tetanus)
What are facultative anaerobes and give an example
Facultative anaerobes can respire with or without oxygen e.g. E.Coli (found in intestines).
What are obligate anaerobes and give an example
Obligate anaerobes can only respire in the absence of oxygen e.g. Colstridium tetani (causes tetanus)
Can bacteria gain or lose water?
Yes, by osmosis
When will water move out of bacteria? What is a name for this?
If the external solute concentration is higher than the bacterial cytoplasm. This is called dehydration.
What is based on the idea of dehydration in bacteria?
Food preservation techniques
What knowledge of bacteria do many food preservation techniques use?
The idea of dehydration
When will water enter the bacteria?
If the external solute concentration is lower than the bacterial cytoplasm solute concentration.
What will usually prevent bursting of bacteria due to too much water?
Cell wall
Do cells burst from too much water?
Cell wall will prevent bursting in most cases
How does pressure affect bacteria?
The growth of most bacteria is inhibited by high pressures.
Some bacteria can withstand high pressures. Pressure tolerant bacteria for use in bioreactors can be formed by genetic engineering techniques.
What is pressure tolerant bacteria used for and how can it be formed?
Pressure tolerant bacteria for use in bioreactors can be formed by genetic engineering techniques.
What is the beneficial economic importance of bacteria? e.g. Give examples of beneficial bacteria.
Bacteria such as Lactobacillus are used to convert milk to products such as cheese and yoghurt. Genetically modified bacteria e.g. E. Coli are used to make products such as insulin, enzymes, drugs, food flavourings and vitamins
What is the harmful economic importance of bacteria? e.g. Give examples of harmful bacteria.
Micro-organisms that cause disease are called pathogens. E.g. Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax in humans. If they enter the body through a wound they can multiply an effect the nerves and activity of muscles. Other bacterial diseases include tuberculosis, typhoid, cholera, diphtheria and brucellosis.
What are antibiotics?
Antibiotics are substances produced by micro-organisms that stop the growth of, or kill, other micro-organisms without damaging human tissue.
What can antibiotics be used for?
Antibiotics can be used to control bacterial and fungal infections but do NOT effect viruses.
Who isolated the first antibiotic, how, and what was it called?
The first antibiotic Penicillin was isolated from a fungus by Sir Alexander Fleming.
How are most antibiotics produced now?
Now antibiotics are mostly produced by genetically engineered bacteria.
What happens when an antibiotic is used to treat an infection?
Most of the bacteria are killed.
What can mutations in bacterial genes allow for?
Bacteria to develop antibiotic resistance
What allows bacteria to develop antibiotic resistance?
Mutations in bacterial genes
What will antibiotics do when some bacteria develop antibiotic resistance?
Antibiotics will then kill “sensitive” bacteria and favour resistant bacteria.
What type of bacteria has recently emerged as a result of bacteria developing antibiotic resistance? What happened as a result of this? Give an example of this type of bacteria.
Bacterial strains have emerged which are resistant to almost all known antibiotics (multi-resistant). As a result present day antibiotics become ineffective. MRSA is one example.
Draw the evolution of antibiotic resistance.
.
What does the overuse of antibiotics result in? What does the failure of some patients to complete a course of antibiotics prescribed to them by a doctor result in?
The increased growth of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Failure of some patients to complete a course of antibiotics prescribed to them by a doctor allows the bacteria to survive and re-grow.
What is required in order to organise information about the wide variety of life on earth?
A system of classification is required.
What is the study of classification?
Taxonomy
What is taxonomy?
The study of classification
What were old systems of classification based on?
Separating life into two categories: Animals and Plants.
What came with developments in science? (in relation to old taxonomy)
The discovery of new forms of life
What new system was proposed to deal with the discovery of new forms of life and gained widespread acceptance by the scientific community?
A more updated five kingdom system
What can life on earth be divided into and what is the name of this system?
5 kingdoms - the five kingdom system of classification
What are the names of the five kingdoms in the five kingdom system of classification?
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.
What can each of the five kingdoms be further subdivided into?
smaller categories
What does each successive category formed through the subdivision of the five kingdoms contain?
Organisms that are more and more similar
What is the final category into which organisms can by placed called in the subdivision of the five kingdoms?
The species
What are members of the same species capable of to produce fertile offspring?
interbreeding
How many identified species does the monera (prokaryotae) kingdom contain?
This kingdom contains about 10,00 identified species of bacteria. It is estimated that there are many more.
What were the first organisms on earth?
Bacteria
What are by far the most numerous organism on the planet?
Bacteria
What are the main features of monera?
They are mainly microscopic and single celled organisms. They do not have a membrane enclosed nucleus. They do have membrane enclosed organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. They normally reproduce asexually.
What type of organisms does protista contain?
Contains a wide variety of organisms from large plant-like algae seaweeds to single-celled organisms such as Amoeba.
What are the main features of protista?
Contains single celled (Amoeba) and simple multicellular organisms (Algae). They have a membrane-enclosed nucleus. Some feed by taking in organic substances (they absorb nutrients through the cell wall). Others can produce their own food by photosynthesis.
Where are protists found?
Protists are found almost anywhere water is present.
What are examples of fungi?
Examples of fungi include mushrooms, mildews, moulds and yeasts.
What vital role do fungi play?
Fungi play a vital role in that they break down dead organisms and allow minerals to be recycled.
What are the main features of fungi?
They are mainly multicellular. They are composed of threads called hyphae. Hyphae combine in masses to form a mycelium. A Hypha consists of one or more cells surrounded by a tubular cell wall. Cell walls are made of a carbohydrate called chitin. They are unable to make their own food. Their method of reproduction involves spores.
What does the plant kingdom contain?
This kingdom includes the mosses, ferns and seed-producing plants.
What can seed producing plants be further sub-divided into?
Flowering and non-flowering
What are gymnosperms?
Conifers
What are angiosperms?
Flowering plants
What are the main features of plants?
All plants are multicellular. Their cells have cell walls made of the carbohydrate cellulose. Their cells often have large vacuoles. They are eukaryotic - they have a true nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles). Chloroplasts containing the pigment chlorophyll which enables photosynthesis. All plants are autotrophs. They reproduce asexually and sexually.
What does the animal kingdom include?
This kingdom includes jellyfish, flatworms, snails, roundworms, segmented worms, frogs, lizards, birds and humans.
When and where did the first animals evolve?
The first animals evolved in the sea about 700 million years ago.
What are the main features of animals?
All organisms in this Kingdom are multicellular. They are eukaryotic - have a nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. Animal cells have no cell walls. All animals are heterotrophic - they cannot produce their own food. They normally reproduce sexually.
What are invertebrates?
Animals with no backbone
What are vertebrates?
Animals with a backbone
