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Biology LC some in chem > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is respiration?

A

The release of energy from food

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2
Q

What is usually the food involved in respiration?

A

The food involved in respiration is usually glucose.

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3
Q

What is internal respiration controlled by and what does it allow?

A

Internal respiration is controlled by enzymes which allow energy to be released in small amounts

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4
Q

What is energy trapped in?

A

The energy is trapped in molecules called ATP

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5
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration

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6
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

The release of energy from food in the presence of oxygen

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7
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

The release of energy from food without requiring the presence of oxygen

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8
Q

What do most living things get energy from and what are they called?

A

Most living things get energy from aerobic respiration and are called aerobes

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9
Q

What is energy stored in in glucose? What happens to it? What is it used for?

A

The energy stored in bonds in glucose is released and used to make ATP

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10
Q

What happens when ATP breaks down? Why does it do this?

A

When ATP breaks down it supplies energy for all the reactions in a cell such as movement of muscles, growth of new cells etc.

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11
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + water + energy

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12
Q

Is aerobic respiration efficient?

A

Aerobic respiration is relatively efficient, 40 percent of the energy in glucose is used to make ATP

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13
Q

What happens to any energy not used to produce ATP?

A

It is lost as heat

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14
Q

How many stages of aerobic respiration are there? What are they called?

A 
Stage 1 - Glycolysis
Stage 2 (no fancy name just stage 2)
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15
Q

Where does stage 1 of aerobic respiration take place?

A

Takes place in the cytosol (the cytoplasm without the organelles) as enzymes are found here

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16
Q

Does stage 1 of aerobic respiration require oxygen?

A

Does not require oxygen

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17
Q

Does stage 1 of aerobic respiration release energy?

A

It only releases small amounts of energy

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18
Q

Does stage 1 of aerobic respiration differ from stage 1 of anaerobic respiration?

A

Is the same for both aerobic anaerobic respiration

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19
Q

What happens to a 6-carbon carbohydrate in the first stage?

A

A 6-carbon carbohydrate (Glucose) is converted to two 3-molecules with the release of a small amount of energy

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20
Q

Where does most of the energy in the glucose molecule remain stored?

A

Most of the energy in the glucose molecule remains stored in each 3-carbon molecule

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21
Q

Does stage two of aerobic respiration need oxygen?

A

This stage requires and uses oxygen

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22
Q

Does stage two of aerobic respiration release energy?

A

It releases a large amount of energy

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23
Q

Where does stage two of aerobic respiration occur?

A

It occurs in the mitochondria as the necessary enzymes are found here

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24
Q

What happens to the 3-carbon molecules in stage two of aerobic respiration?

A

The 3-carbon molecules are broken down to Carbon Dioxide and Water

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25
Q

What does the complete breakdown of the 3-carbon molecules in stage two of aerobic respiration do?

A

The complete breakdown of the 3-carbon molecules releases a lot of energy

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26
Q

What is left after stage 2 of aerobic respiration and does it contain a lot of energy?

A

There is very little energy left in Carbon Dioxide and Water

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27
Q

Is stage 1 of aerobic respiration the same as stage 1 of anaerobic respiration?

A

yes

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28
Q

Can anaerobic respiration occur without oxygen?

A

Anaerobic respiration can occur in the presence of oxygen but it does not need to use it.

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29
Q

What occurs in stage 1 of anaerobic respiration?

A

In anaerobic respiration Glycolysis occurs this means glucose is broken into two 3-carbon molecules

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30
Q

Is energy released in stage 1 of anaerobic respiration?

A

A small amount of energy is released this way

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31
Q

Is there more than one form of anaerobic respiration?

A

There are different forms of anaerobic respiration

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32
Q

What is more efficient, anaerobic respiration or aerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration is said to be less efficient than aerobic respiration as less energy is released

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33
Q

What happens in the other forms of anaerobic respiration?

A

where the 3-carbon molecules are converted to different substances but no extra energy is released.

34
Q

When does lactic acid fermentation occur?

A

This occurs in some anaerobic bacteria and fungi and in animal muscles when there is not enough oxygen.

35
Q

What is produced in lactic acid fermentation?

A

In this fermentation Lactic acid is produced

36
Q

What is the formula for lactic acid fermentation? In other words what is lactic acid fermentation?

A

Glucose -> 2Lactic Acid + small amount of energy

37
Q

Give an example of lactic acid fermentation

A

e.g. bacteria souring milk and lactic acid in muscles after exercise

38
Q

Where and when does alcohol fermentation take place?

A

Take place in bacteria and some fungi such as yeast and in plants when they are deprived of oxygen

39
Q

What does alcohol fermentation involve?

A

Involves the partial breakdown of glucose

40
Q

What is the formula for alcohol fermentation? (basically what is alcohol fermentation?)

A

Glucose -> 2 Ethanol + 2 Carbon dioxide + small amount energy

41
Q

Give an example of alcohol fermentation

A

e.g. alcohol fermentation and bread baking.

42
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

Biotechnology refers to the use of living things (such as microorganisms and enzymes) to carry our useful reactions

43
Q

What happens in industrial fermentation?

A

In industrial fermentation the microorganisms are placed in a container with a substrate on which they can react

44
Q

What is the vessel in which biological reactions can take place?

A

The vessel in which biological reactions can take place is called a Bioreactor

45
Q

What may be created in industrial fermentation when the microorganisms are mixed with the substrate? What is done to this?

A

When the microorganisms are mixed with the substrate foam may be formed so a foam breaker is used

46
Q

What is oxygen pumped into industrial fermentation through?

A

Oxygen is pumped in through a sparger

47
Q

What does quality and amount of product depend on in industrial fermentation?

A

Quality and amount of product depend on the quality of the microorganism and substrate, the design of the bioreactor, a correct rate of mixing, correct temperature and pH and elimination of contaminating microorganisms.

48
Q

How can it be ensured that the microorganisms used in a bioreactor are not lost at the end of every reaction?

A

To ensure the microorganisms used in a bioreactor are not lost at the end of every reaction they are often immobilised or fixed.

49
Q

How can the microorganisms be immobilised for bioprocessing with immobilised cells.?

A

The microorganisms can be immobilised by bonding them to each other bonding them to an insoluble support or suspending them in a gel or membrane

50
Q

What is glucose converted to in glycolysis? (detail)

A

Glucose which is a 6-carbon sugar is converted to two 3-carbon sugars called pyruvic acid

51
Q

What is pyruvic acid?

A

This is a neutral molecule which may be found as the negatively charged ion pyruvate

52
Q

Is oxygen required for glycolysis? What is some of the energy released in it used for?

A

No oxygen is required some of the energy released forms 2 ATP molecules more of the energy is used to form NADH

53
Q

How much of the energy is retained in the pyruvic acid?

A

75 percent of the energy is retained in the pyruvic acid

54
Q

What happens to pyruvic acid in the presence of oxygen?

A

In the presence of oxygen the pyruvic acid enters a mitochondrion

55
Q

What happens to pyruvic acid after in enters a mitochondrion?

A

It loses a carbon dioxide molecule to form a 2-carbon molecule called Acetyl coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA for short)

56
Q

What does pyruvic acid lose in the mitochondrion other than carbon dioxide and what does this do?

A

Pyruvic acid also loses 2 high energy electrons that combine with NAD+ and a proton to form NADH

57
Q

What happens to each NADH produced in the mitochondrion?

A

Each NADH will enter an electron transport system

58
Q

What happens to the Acetyl CoA?

A

The Acetyl CoA enters a series of reactions called Kreb’s cycle (German scientist Hans Krebs)

59
Q

Where does the Kreb’s cycle take place?

A

Takes place in the lumen of the mitochondria

60
Q

Does the Kreb’s cycle require oxygen?

A

Yes it requires oxygen

61
Q

What is the Acetyl CoA broken down into?

A

The acetyl CoA is broken down into carbon dioxide and protons

62
Q

What happens to the energy that was in the Acetyl CoA?

A

The energy that was in the Acetyl CoA is released in a number of steps in the form of high energy electrons

63
Q

What happens to the high energy electrons in which form the energy is released from Acetyl CoA?

A

These electrons along with protons (H+) combine with NAD+ to form NADH

64
Q

What happens to the NADH formed in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

The NADH enters an electron transport system

65
Q

What other process occurs in the Kreb’s cycle other than the breakdown of Acetyl CoA and what does it involve?

A

Phosphorylation also occurs in Kreb’s cycle where a single ADP is changed to ATP

66
Q

What happens to NADH?

A

The NADH enters an electron transport chain

67
Q

Where does electron transport chain take place?

A

Takes place in the cristae of the mitochondria

68
Q

Is oxygen necessary for the electron transport chain?

A

Oxygen is necessary

69
Q

What do the foldings of the cristae do?

A

The foldings of the cristae increase the number of electron transport systems that can fit in them

70
Q

What happens to the energy produced in the electron transport system?

A

Some of this energy is used to form ATP the rest is lost as heat.

71
Q

What happens at the end of each system and how?

A

At the end of each system the low energy electron is removed by combining it with oxygen and hydrogen to form water.

72
Q

What is the production of ATP called and why?

A

The production of ATP by the electron transport system is called Oxidative Phosphorylation as it requires oxygen + phosphate

73
Q

What is the main significance of the electron transport system?

A

The main significance of the electron transport system is that it produces energy rich ATP.

74
Q

Is oxygen essential for the electron transport system?

A

Oxygen is essential as it accepts the low energy electron at the end of the chain.

75
Q

What happens if oxygen is absent in the electron transport system?

A

If oxygen is absent aerobic organisms may die as there is no oxygen to accept the low energy electron and no ATP may be formed.

76
Q

What may chemicals such as cyanide do? Why?

A

Chemicals such as cyanide may be fatal because they prevent some of the proteins from receiving and passing on electrons meaning ATP cannot be produced.

77
Q

What happens to glucose stage one of anaerobic respiration?

A

In stage 1 glucose is converted to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

78
Q

What is produced in stage one of anaerobic respiration when glucose is converted to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid?

A

2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADH are produced in this process

79
Q

What happens to pyruvic acid in the absence of oxygen?

A

In the absence of oxygen the pyruvic acid is converted to either lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide

80
Q

What happens when in the absence of oxygen the pyruvic acid is converted to either lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide?

A

In each case the 2 NADH break down into 2 electrons and 2 protons which combine with the pyruvic acid to form lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide.

81
Q

What can you say about pyruvic acid as it gains electrons?

A

As pyruvic acid gains electrons in both cases it is said to be reduced

82
Q

As only stage 1 is involved in anaerobic respiration, where does it occur?

A

As only stage 1 is involved in anaerobic respiration it only occurs in the cytosol.

Biology LC some in chem (24 decks)

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