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PHA112 > Skeletal system - Joints > Flashcards

Skeletal system - Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What are joints (articulations)?

A

Sites where two or more bones meet

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2
Q

What are the 2 functions of joints?

A
  • Provide for skeletal mobility

- Hold the skeleton together

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3
Q

Weakest/strongest parts of the skeleton?

A

Weakest

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4
Q

What is the functional classification of joints based on?

A

Focuses on the amount of movement

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5
Q

Name the different functional classifications

A
  • Synarthroses
  • Amphiarthroses
  • Diarthroses
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6
Q

What is the structural classification based on?

A

Material binding them & presence/absence of joint cavity

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7
Q

Name the structural classifications

A
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilagenous
  • Synovial
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8
Q

Name the fibrous joints

A

Suture, syndesmoses & gomphoses

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9
Q

Name the cartilagenous joints

A

Synchondroses, symphyses

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10
Q

Name the synovial joints

A

Gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball & socket

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11
Q

What are sutures?

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue

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12
Q

Describe syndesmoses

A

Band/cord of connective tissue

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13
Q

What is gomphosis?

A

Peg-in-socket arrangement surrounded by fibrous tissue

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14
Q

Where do sutures occur?

A

Between bones of skull

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15
Q

What bind bones of the skull together tightly?

A

Rigid splices

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16
Q

Syndesmoses are connected by bones/ligaments/joints & bands of fibrous/connective tissue

A

ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue

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17
Q

Give an example of gomphoses

A

Tooth with its bony alveolar socket

- Ligament = periodontal

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18
Q

What are cartilagenous joints?

A

Articulating bones united by cartilage

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19
Q

What does hyaline cartilage do in synchondroses?

A

Unites the bones

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20
Q

Are synchondroses movable/immovable?

A

immovable

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21
Q

Give an example of synchondroses

A

Epiphyseal plates

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22
Q

Are symphyses movable/immovable?

A

slightly movable

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23
Q

Give examples of symphyses

A

Intervertebral discs

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24
Q

Are synovial joints movable/immovable?

A

Freely movable

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25
Q

Name the parts of a synovial joint

A
  • Articular cartilage
  • Joint (synovial) cavity
  • Articular capsule
  • Synovial fluid
  • Reinforcing ligaments
  • Nerves
  • Blood vessels
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26
Q

What does articular cartilage do?

A
  • Spongy cushion absorbs compression

- Protects ends of bones from being crushed

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27
Q

How many layers in the articular capsule?

A

Two - outer & inner

28
Q

What is the difference between outer & inner?

A

Outer - Fibrous capsule of dense irregular connective tissue
Inner - Synovial membrane of loose connective tissue

29
Q

What does synovial fluid do?

A

Nourishes cartilage & functions as a slippery lubricant

30
Q

What does synovial fluid contain?

A

Special glycoproteins

31
Q

Name the 3 types of reinforcing ligaments

A

Capsular - part of fibrous capsule
Extracapsular - outside capsule
Intracapsular - deep to capsule

32
Q

What do nerves do?

A
  • Detect pain

- Monitor stretch

33
Q

What do blood vessels do?

A
  • Rich blood supply

- Extensive capillary beds produce blood filtrate

34
Q

What joint allows 2 kinds of movement?

A

Jaw

35
Q

What is a TMJ (temporomandibular joint)?

A

Knee

36
Q

What do bursae and tendon sheaths act as?

A

Ball bearings

37
Q

What are bursa?

A

Ligaments, muscles & bones overlie each other and rub together

38
Q

Where can a tendon sheath be found?

A

Only on tendons subject to friction

39
Q

What factors influence joint stability?

A
  • Articular surfaces
  • Ligaments
  • Muscle tone
40
Q

What movements do synovial joints do?

A
  • Gliding
  • Angular movements
  • Rotation
  • Special movements
41
Q

What is gliding?

A

Flat bone surface glides over another similar surface, e.g. intercarpal joints

42
Q

What are angular movements?

A

Movements that occur along the sagittal plane

43
Q

What is flexion?

A

Decreases the angle of the joint

44
Q

What is extension?

A

Increases the angle of the joint

45
Q

What is hyperextension?

A

Excessive extension beyond normal range of motion

46
Q

What is abduction?

A

Movement away from midline

47
Q

What is adduction?

A

Movement toward the midline

48
Q

What is circumduction?

A

Flexion, abduction, extension & adduction of a limb

49
Q

What is rotation?

A

Turning of a bone around its own longitudinal axis e.g. humerus & femur

50
Q

What is supination?

A

Turning hand backward

51
Q

What is pronation?

A

Turning hand forward

52
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

Upward movement

53
Q

What is plantar flexion?

A

Downward movement

54
Q

What is inversion?

A

Turn sole medially

55
Q

What is eversion?

A

Turn sole laterally

56
Q

What is protraction?

A

Anterior movement

57
Q

What is retraction?

A

Posterior movement

58
Q

What is elevation?

A

Lifting body part superiorly

59
Q

What is depression?

A

Moving body part inferiorly

60
Q

What is opposition of the thumb?

A

Movement in saddle joint so thumb touches tips of other fingers

61
Q

What is a plane joint?

A

Allow only short gliding movements, no rotation e.g. intercarpals

62
Q

What are hinge joints?

A

A cyclindrical shaped projection of bone fits into a trough shaped surface of another bone e.g elbow

63
Q

What are pivot joints?

A

Rounded end of a bone into a ring of bone and ligaments on another e.g. radius & ulna

64
Q

What are condyloid joints?

A

Oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary concavity of another e.g. MCP joints (fingers)

65
Q

What are saddle joints?

A

Condyloid joints but greater freedom of movement e.g. thumbs

66
Q

What are ball & socket joints?

A

Spherical head of one bone articulates with cuplike socket of another, most freely moving joints e.g. shoulder

67
Q

The more moveable a joint, the more/less stable it is.

A

less

PHA112 (16 decks)

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