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PHA112 > Microbiology - Immunology > Flashcards

Microbiology - Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the lymphatic system?

A

Lymphatic organs
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph

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2
Q

Name the primary and secondary lymphatic organs

A

Primary - bone marrow, thymus

Secondary - lymph nodes, spleen

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3
Q

Why is the lymphatic system important in the immune response?

A

Site of some immune responses
Filters bacteria (lymph nodes)
Carries lymph fluid towards heart via lymph nodes

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4
Q

By what process are blood cells genereated?

A

Haematopoiesis

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5
Q

Where does Haematopoiesis occur?

A

bone marrow

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6
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

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7
Q

What do cytokines determine?

A

cell type

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8
Q

Describe the innate immune system

A

Older than adaptive
Present in all multicellular organisms
Recognise lipids and carbohydrates
Defend against any pathogen

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9
Q

Describe the adaptive immune system

A 
Newer than innate
Present in vertebrates with a jaw
Defend against specific pathogens and adapts over time
Recognise peptides
Has a memory
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10
Q

Describe the 1st and 2nd line defence of the body (innate)

A

1st - skin intact, mucous membranes, normal microbiota

2nd - phagocytic WBCs, inflammation, fever, antimicrobials

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11
Q

Describe the 3rd line of defence of the body (adaptive)

A

T + B cells

Antibodies

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12
Q

The skin is an anatomical barrier that prevents the passage of _____, and works in combination with _____

A

pathogens

sebum

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13
Q

What is microbiota?

A

A community of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic organisms

Includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, archaea

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14
Q

In what human anatomical areas do microbiota exist?

A

skin
gut
conjunctiva
urethra + bladder

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15
Q

Tissue damage produces an _______ response.

Name the 3 major events to inflammatory response:

A

inflammatory

vasodilation
capillary permeability increase
phagocyte influx

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16
Q

What is the main mediator of the inflammatory repsonse?

A

histamine

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17
Q

List 3 physiological barrier that contribute to innate immunity

A

Temperature
pH
Soluble + cell associated molecules

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18
Q

What are the 3 soluble components of physiological barriers in innate immunity?

A

Lysozyme - cleaves petidoglycan layer in bacterial cell wall
Interferon - produced by virus infected cells
Complement

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19
Q

What 3 paths activate the highly regulated complement system?

A

Classical - antigen/antibody
Lectin - MBL binding to pathogen
Alternative

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20
Q

What does activation of the complement system lead to?

A

Cell lysis
Opsonization
Immune clearance
Binding specific receptors on immune cells

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21
Q

Which immune system mainly expresses pattern recognition receptors?

A

Innate

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22
Q

Pattern recognition receptors are classified according to what?

A

ligand specificity

They are defined as Membrane bound (TLRs and CLRs) or Cytoplasmic (NLRrs)

23
Q

What 2 classes of molecules are identified by pattern recognition receptors?

A
  • Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

- Damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

24
Q

Name the granulocytes and agranulocytes of leukocytes in the blood

A 
neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil (mast cells)
lymphocyte
monocyte
25
Q

Basophil has granules containing _____ and _____. Once activated, degranulates and releases inflammatory mediators.

A

histamine and heparin

26
Q

Natural killer cells play a role in anti-___ and anti-___ defences. They function by _____ to cells and releasing cytoxic _____

A

viral
tumour

binding
granules

27
Q

What is the most abundant granulocyte?

A

neutrophils

28
Q

Neutrophils attack micro-organisms in 3 ways:

A

phagocytosis
degranulation
generation of NETs

29
Q

What 2 types of cells that make up phagocytes?

A

neutrophils

macrophages

30
Q

Describe the steps of phagocytosis

A
  • Pseudopodia attach to bacteria
  • bacteria ingested into phagosome
  • lysosme fuses with phagosome => phagolysosome
  • Lysosomal enzymes degrade bacteria which is released from cell
31
Q

Cytokines are small proteins important in cell _______

A

signalling

32
Q

List the 4 main characteristics of adaptive immunity

A
  • antigenic specificity
  • diversity
  • immunological memory
  • self/non-self recognition
33
Q

Name the 2 cell types involved in adaptive immunity

A

T cells - cell mediated

B cells - humoral

34
Q

When does VDJ recombination occur?

A

In primary lymphoid organs during early stages of T and B cell development

35
Q

What are the classes of T cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells - Tc

T-helper cells - Th

36
Q

Name the 2 main classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

Class I - expressed by all nucleated cells

Class II - expressed by antigen presenting cells (APCs)

37
Q

What T cells do Class I + II present to?

A

Class I present to Tc cells

Class II present to Th cells

38
Q

B cell activation occurs in primary / secondary lymph organs

A

secondary

39
Q

What are memory B cells designed to do?

A

Produce a rapid response to same antigen

40
Q

What are antibodies made of ?

A

glycoproteins

41
Q

What region of an antibody recognises the antigen?

A

variable region

42
Q

What are the 4 functions of antibodies?

A

Neutralise
agglutinate
precipitate
activate complement

43
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

A

IgA / D/ E / G / M

44
Q

Why is the immune system regulated at multiple points?

A

to prevent improper activation

45
Q

Describe the 2 selection processes that T cells undergo during maturation

A

Positive selection - removes weak binding cells to self antigens
Negative selection - removes strong binding cells to self antigens

46
Q

What factor can increase susceptibility to infection and decrease response to vaccine?

A

age

47
Q

what is an allergy?

A

hypersensitive reaction of the immune system to usually harmless substances

48
Q

Name the 4 main types of vaccines

A

Live-attenuated vaccine - MMR
Inactivated vaccine - Hep A
Toxoid vaccine - Tetanus
Subunit, recombinant, polysaccaride, conjugate vaccines - HPV

49
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When a large part of the population of an area is immune to a specific disease

50
Q

What is HIT (herd immunity threshold) ?

A

Proportion of immune people within a population that can prevent a particular disease

51
Q

Define immunodeficiency

A

A state in which the immune system’s ability is compromised or absent

52
Q

describe 2 types of immunodeficiency disorders

A

Primary - rare genetic conditions e.g SCIDs

Secondary - more common and acquired as a result of immunosuppressive agents

53
Q

Immunocompromised individuals are vulnerable to ______ and it decreases _____ immunosurveillance

A

infection

cancer

54
Q

Define immunosuppression

A

The reduction of the activation of immune system

PHA112 (16 decks)

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