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PHA112 > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

metabolic processes use O2

CO2 is produced

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2
Q

Describe what is meant by the respiratory quotient (RQ)

A

Ratio of CO2 to O2

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3
Q

What does RQ depend on?

A

Amount of food consumed

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4
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Exchanged of O2 and CO2 between environment and organism

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5
Q

List the 4 steps of external respiration

A
  • ventilation
  • O2 and CO2 exchange between air in alveoli and blood in capillaries
  • transport of O2 and CO2 in blood to tissues
  • exchange between tissues and blood
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6
Q

What composes the upper respiratory tract?

A

nose
pharynx
larynx

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7
Q

What composes the lower respiratory tract?

A

trachea
bronchial tree
lungs

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8
Q

The trachea and bronchi have rigid tubes and rings of cartilage to avoid ______

A

collapsing

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9
Q

Bronchioles have no _____, and have ____ muscle walls.

A

cartilage

smooth

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10
Q

Alveoli are the site of ___ ______

A

gas exchange

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11
Q

List the 4 primary functions of the respiratory system

A

Exchange of gases between air and blood
Homeostatic regulation of body pH
Defence agains pathogens
Vocalisation

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12
Q

Type 1 alveolar cells are __ cell thick, and Type II cells secrete ______

A

1

surfactant

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13
Q

In alveoli, the pores of Kohn allow ____

A

airflow

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14
Q

Large surface area and thinness of alevoli/capillary wall leads to efficient ___ _______

A

gas exchange

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15
Q

The diaphragm is made of _____ muscle that separates the _____ cavity and the ______ cavity

A

skeletal
thoracic
adbominal

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16
Q

The pleural sac is a ____ layered, closed sac separating each ____ from the thoracic wall

A

double

lung

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17
Q

Name the 3 pressures to consider in ventilation

A

atmospheric
intra-alveolar
intrapleural

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18
Q

Air enters the lungs when alveolar pressure is ___ than atmospheric pressure

Air flows out of the lungs when alveolar pressure is ____ than atmospheric pressure

A

less

more

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19
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

At any constant temp., pressure exerted by a gas varies inversley with the volume of gas

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20
Q

Change the container ___ can change pressure

A

size

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21
Q

Volume in the lungs depends on what?

A

Difference in pressure

stretchability

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22
Q

What is pressure difference also called?

A

Transpulmonary pressure (TP)

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23
Q

Describe the equation to calculate TP

A

TP = Palv - Pip

Palv is air pressure inside alveoli = pressure inside lungs
Pip is pressure in intrapleural fluid = pressure outside lungs

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24
Q

What are the major inspiratory muscles and what activates them?

A

Diaphragm - phrenic nerve

External intercostal muscles - intercostal nerve

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25
Q

Due to ______ and flattening of the diaphragm the thoracic cavity enlarges by ____. This ________ intrapleural pressure, which increases lung volume, which lowers ______ pressure above/below atmospheric pressure and air enters the lungs

A 
contraction
75%
decreases
intra-alveolar
below
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26
Q

In expiration, the inspiratory muscles ____, so the size of the thoracic cavity _____. The intrapleural pressure _____ and lungs are compressed. Intra-alveolar pressure ______ above atmospheric pressure so air moves out of the lungs.

A

relax
decreases
increases
increases

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27
Q

What are the major expiratory muscles?

A

Abdominal wall muscles

Internal intercostal muscles

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28
Q

What allows lungs to rebound if stretched?

A

elastic recoil

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29
Q

What does compliance mean in terms of the lungs?

A

effort needed to stretch lungs

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30
Q

Why do lungs have the ability to recoil|?

A

Highly elastic connective tissue in lungs

Alveolar surface tension

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31
Q

Is there a larger stretch of alveoli after inspiration or expiration?

A

inspiration (7mmHg)

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32
Q

What does the law of LaPlace based on surface tension in the lungs state?

A

If air pressure in large alveoli is greater than small, the small alveoli will collapse and air flows into large alveoli

33
Q

Type II alveolar cells have phosloplipd molecules that _____ surface tension of lining of alveoli so pressure needed to hold alveoli open is reduced.

A

lower

34
Q

What is the main determinant of airway resistance?

A

Diameter of conducting airway

35
Q

What determines diameter of a conducting airway?

A

Length of system
Viscosity of substance flowing
Radius of tubes

36
Q

Mucus accumulation in airways can increase/decrease resistance

A

increase

37
Q

In the bronchioles collapsible tubes increase/decrease airway resistance

A

increase

38
Q

How do you calculate pulmonary ventilation?

A

tidal vol x respiratory rate

39
Q

How do you calculate alveolar ventilation?

A

(tidal vol - dead space) x respiratory rate

40
Q

In pulmonary circulation, the concentration of O2 and CO2 in arterial blood is relatively ______

A

constant

41
Q

At rest 250ml O2 min-1 consumed and 200ml CO2 min-1 produced

So what is the RQ?

A

RQ = 200/250 = 0.8

42
Q

Is CO2 more or less soluble than O2 in the blood?

A

CO2 is 30x more soluble

43
Q

PCO2 varies depending on what?

A

metabolic activity

blood flow to tissue

44
Q

During intense exercise, PO2 is ___, and PCO2 is ___

A

low

high

45
Q

Large pressure gradients means less/more gas exchange

A

more

46
Q

Venous blood from active tissue increases/decreases PO2 and increases/decreases PCO2

A

decreases

increases

47
Q

Venous blood is mixed in the left/right atrium

A

right

48
Q

What are the 3 factors that determine alveolar partial pressure?

A
  • PO2 + PCO2 inspired air
  • minute ventilation
  • the rate respiring tissue consumes O2 and produces CO2
49
Q

When alveolar ventilation exceeds tissue demand PO2 increases/decreases and PCO2 increases/decreases

When alveolar ventilation does not match tissue demand PO2 increases/decreases and PCO2 increases/decreases

A

increases
decreases

decreases
increases

50
Q

What protein carries O2 in the blood?

A

haemoglobin in erythrocytes

51
Q

What type of curve is the Hb-O2 dissociation curve?

A

sigmoidal curve

52
Q

What are the 3 factors affecting affinity of Hb for O2?

A

Temperature
pH
2,3-DPG

53
Q

How does temperature affect the affinity of Hb for O2?

A

As temp increases the curve shifts right

54
Q

How does pH affect the affinity of Hb for O2?

A

Bohr effect
Increasing acidity decreases affinity Hb for O2
In lungs, increasing ph decreases acidity, which increases affinity of Hb for O2 loading and the curve shifts to the left

55
Q

How does 2,3-DPG affect the affinity of Hb for O2?

A

It binds reversibly to Hb lowering affinity for O2, so the curve shifts right.
Promotes unloading

56
Q

What process produces 2,3-DPG?

A

glycolysis

57
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

A special Hb that is an O2 binding protein in skeletal muscle

58
Q

Myoglobin has a _____ affinity for O2 than Hb

A

higher

59
Q

Foetal Hb has a different structure and ____ affinity for O2 than Hb

A

higher

60
Q

Myoglobin has a _____ affinity for O2 than Foetal Hb

A

higher

61
Q

What ion transports most CO2?

A

bicarbonate ion

62
Q

CO2 combines with H2O to form _____ ___, which is facilitated by the enzyme _____ _____ in RBCs. Carbonic acid dissociates into H+ ions and the ______ ion.

A

carbonic acid
carbonic anhydrase
bicarbonate

63
Q

Describe what is meant by the chloride shift?

A

The RBC plasma membrane facilitates diffusion of bicarbonate and chloride ions OUT of the rbc.

64
Q

Describe what is meant by the haldane effect?

A

Removal of O2 from Hb at tissue cells increases ability of Hb to bind with CO2

65
Q

The haldane effect promotes loading/unloading CO2, while Bohr effect promotes loading/ unloading O2.

A

loading

unloading

66
Q

Acid/base balance affects ___ in the blood

A

pH

67
Q

CO2 generates H+ ions, which bind to Hb so makes a ____. Therefore Hb plays a crucial role in maintaining ___ balance

A

buffer

pH

68
Q

Hypoventilation increases PCO2 + H+ ions-acidic blood. This causes respiratory ____.
Thus PCO2 + HCO3- _____ and pH ____

A

acidosis
increase
decreases

69
Q

Hyperventilation lowers PCO2 + H+ ions-alkali blood. This causes respiratory ____.
Thus PCO2 + HCO3- _____ and pH ____

A

alkalosis
decrease
increases

70
Q

What happens if respiratory acidosis persists?

A

kidney starts to conserve HCO3-

71
Q

What happens if respiratory alkalosis persists?

A

Kidneys excrete HCO3-

72
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Low O2 levels in tissues

73
Q

What is hypoxemia?

A

O2 deficiency in blood

74
Q

What is Dysoxia?

A

Lack of O2 utilisation in tissues

75
Q

Give examples of respiratory diseases

A

COPD
chronic bronchitis
emphysema

76
Q

What 2 parts make up COPD?

A

chronic bronchitis + emphysema

77
Q

Describe chronic bronchitis and what the effects excess mucus has

A

Lung inflammation
Xs mucus causes
- build up in bronchioles
- breeding ground for bacteria

78
Q

Describe emphysema

A

Persistant coughing that causes stiff tissues and structural damage
Less functional alveoli available

79
Q

Why is gas exchange at alveoli rapid?

A
  • thin membrane

- blood vessels close to respiratory membrane

PHA112 (16 decks)

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