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PHA112 > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

List the 3 functions of the circulatory system

A

Transportation
Regulation
Protection

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2
Q

list the 3 basic components of the circulatory system and their roles

A

Blood - transport medium
Heart - pumps blood
Blood vessels - network that distributes blood

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3
Q

List the constituents of plasma

A 
36% globulins
4% fibrinogen
albumins
proteins
electrolytes
nutrients + waste
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4
Q

List the 3 cellular elements

A

Erythrocytes 95.1%
Leukocytes 0.1%
Thrombocytes 4.8%

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5
Q

Name the 2 types of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes 70%

Agranulocytes 30%

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6
Q

What proteins are found in granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils 65%
Eosinophils 4%
Basophils 1%

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7
Q

What proteins are found in agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes 25%

Monocytes 5%

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8
Q

What are the 2 components of blood?

A

Cellular elements

Plasma

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9
Q

How many Oxygens can Haemoglobin carry?

A

4

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10
Q

List 3 characteristics of RBCs

A

Round, flexible biconcave discs
Lack most organelles
Carry haemoglobin to transport O2 + CO2

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11
Q

Which granulocyte protein appears most in the blood?

A

Neutrophils

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12
Q

Describe the function of neutrophils

A

Active phagocytes that are the 1st line of defence

Act to slow + localise infection

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13
Q

Describe the function of basophils

A
  • Mediate hypersensitivity reactions + infections

- synthesise, store and release heparin + histamine

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14
Q

Describe the function of eosinophils

A

Moderate allergic reactions

Increase in parasitic infections

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15
Q

List 3 characteristics of thrombocytes

A

Maintain structure of endothelial lining
Initiate haemostasis
Short life span of 7-10 days

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16
Q

What double layered membrane surrounds the heart?

A

Pericardium

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17
Q

The right sided pump receives oxygenated/deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the heart/lungs for oxygenation.

A

Deoxygenated

lungs

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18
Q

The left sided pump receives oxygenated/deoxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body/heart.

A

Oxygenated

Body

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19
Q

Which valve opens the ventricle into the pulmonary artery?

A

Pulmonic valve

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20
Q

Which valve opens the ventricle into the aorta?

A

Aortic valve

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21
Q

What are the 2 types of blood vessels?

A

Great cardiac vessels

Coronary vessels

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22
Q

Name the 5 great cardiac vessels

A 
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Aorta
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23
Q

Which vessel sustains the highest systolic pressure?

A

Aorta

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24
Q

What is the function of a valve?

A

Ensure unidirectional flow

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25
Q

Name the 2 AV valves

A

Tricuspid (right)

Biscupid (left)

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26
Q

Name the 2 Semilunar valves

A

Pulmonic (right)

Aortic (left)

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27
Q

Name the 3 layers of the heart wall

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

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28
Q

Name the 2 cardiac cell types

A

Contractile cells

Electrical cells

29
Q

Describe the role of contractile cells

A

Mediate pumping work of the heart

30
Q

Describe the role of electrical cells

A

Initiate + conduct action potentials to activate and contract muscle cells

31
Q

Give examples of electrical cells

A

Bundle of His
Purkinje fibres
SA node
AV node

32
Q

List the properties of cardiac cells

A

Excitability
Refractoriness
Automaticity
Cardiac resting membrane potential that is polarised

33
Q

Define excitability

A

Ability to respond to electrical stimulus by eliciting an action potential

34
Q

Define refractoriness

A

protecting against premature excitation

35
Q

Define automaticity

A

Ability to initiate action potentials spontaneously

36
Q

Describe the sequence in which electrical cells initiate an action potential

A

SA node –> Atria –> AV node –> Bundle of His –> Purkinje fibres –> Ventricles

37
Q

What does an ECG tell us

A

The summation of overall spread of electrical activity throughout the heart during depolarisation and repolarisation

38
Q

What does the P wave represent?

A

Atrial depolarisation

39
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

Ventricular depolarisation

40
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

41
Q

Name the 2 types of membrane junctions within an intercalated disc

A

Desmosomes - anchoring

Gap junctions - communication

42
Q

Name the 3 tunics in blood vessel walls

A

Externa
Media
Interna

43
Q

State the phases and sub phases of diastole and sytsole

A

Diastole - ventricular filling + relaxation
sub phase - isovolumetric relaxation + filling

Systole - ventricular contraction + emptying
sub phase - isovolumetric contraction + ejection

44
Q

Name the 2 elastic arteries

A

Aorta

Pulmonary artery

45
Q

Name the 2 muscular arteries

A

Femoral artery

Coronary artery

46
Q

Which vessel contains the highest % of smooth muscle in the walls?

A

Arterioles

47
Q

What 2 processes exchange materials in the capillaries?

A

Diffusion

Bulk flow

48
Q

Name the 3 types of capillaries

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Discontinuous

49
Q

What are the determinants of bulk flow?

A

Capillary blood pressure - OUTWARD
Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure - OUTWARD
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure - INWARD
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure - INWARD

50
Q

System veins have a high/low resistance due to their small/large radius

A

Low

Large

51
Q

Define CO

A

Volume of blood pumped by the heart per min

52
Q

Define SV

A

Volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle per heart beat

53
Q

What is the equation needed to calculate CO

A

CO = SV x HR

54
Q

Describe the determinants of HR

A

Autonomic tone of the heart
Increasing SNS, increases release of noradrenaline which increases HR
Increasing PNS, binds to muscarinic receptor, decreasing depolarisation, which decreases HR

55
Q

State the 3 factors affecting SV

A

Preload
Afterload
Contractility

56
Q

Increasing preload increases/decreases the stretch of cardiac muscle fibres, which increases/decreases contraction, increasing/decreasing SV

A

increases
increases
increasing

57
Q

SV is _____ proportional to preload

A

directly

58
Q

Define afterload

A

Pressure the heart must generate to be able to eject blood into the aorta

59
Q

SV is ______ proportional to afterload.

A

Inversely

60
Q

Increasing afterload _____ SV

A

decreases

61
Q

Decreasing afterload increases/decreases SV so the curve shifts up/down and right/left

A

decreases
up
left

62
Q

Increasing afterload increases/decreases SV so the curve shifts up/down and right/left

A

increases
down
right

63
Q

Define contractility

A

Heart’s ability to change its force of contraction without changing its resting muscle length

64
Q

SV is ______ proportional to contractility

A

directly

65
Q

Increasing Ca 2+ increaes/decreases actin-myosin cross bridge formation, which increases/decreases contractility, which increases/decreases SV

A

Increases
increaes
increases

66
Q

list the determinants of BP

A

CO

TPR

67
Q

What determines TPR

A

Sympathetic tone

Circulating + local hormones

68
Q

What 2 mechanisms control BP

A

Short term via baroreceptors

Long term via Kidneys

69
Q

Describe 3 ways that maintain balance between supply and demand of the coronary circulation

A
  • reduced coronary blood flow during systole
  • disproportionate share of CO
  • High O2 extraction, low O2 reserve

PHA112 (16 decks)

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