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PHA112 > Bones - skeletal system > Flashcards

Bones - skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 2 divisions of the skeletal system

A

Axial

Appendicular

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2
Q

List the functions of bones

A 
Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral homeostasis
Blood cell production (haemopoiesis)
Triglyceride storage
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3
Q

Name the 2 types of bone tissue

A

Compact

Spongy

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4
Q

What is compact bone tissue made of?

A

Osteons and few spaces

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5
Q

What is spongy bone tissue made of?

A

Tribeculleus bone tissue and no osteons

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6
Q

Name the 4 classes of bone and give an example of each

A

Long (femur/humerus)
Short (carpals/tarsals)
Flat (scapula/sternum/ribs)
Irregular (vertebrae/hip bones)

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7
Q

What type of bone tissue are long bones made of?

A

Compact

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8
Q

What type of bone tissue are short bones made of?

A

Spongy

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9
Q

What type of bone tissue are flat bones made of?

A

Thin layers of compact surrounded by a spongy layer

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10
Q

Describe the anatomy of a long bone (3 parts)

A

Diaphysis - shaft of bone made of compact bone tissue
Epiphysis - end of bone made of spongy bone tissue
Metaphysis - Where diaphysis joins the epiphysis

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11
Q

Name the structures within a long bone

A 
Articular cartilage
Periosteum
Sharpey's fibres 
Arteries
Endosteum
Medullary cavity
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12
Q

What are the 2 types of bone markings?

A

Projections + processes

Depressions

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13
Q

Bone markings act as attachment sites for what?

A

Muscles
Tendons
Ligaments

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14
Q

Name the 3 types of bone cells and are they bone forming / mature / bone destroying ?

A

Osteoblasts - bone - forming
Osteocytes - mature
Osteoclasts - bone destroying

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15
Q

What is the the process of bone formation called?

A

Ossification

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16
Q

Define remodelling

A

Replacement of old bone

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17
Q

Name the 2 methods of ossification

A

Intramembranous

Endochondral

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18
Q

Give an example of bone/s that are formed by intramembranous ossification

A

skull bones, mandible

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19
Q

Describe the steps of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. development of ossification centre
  2. calcification
  3. formation of spongy bone tissue
  4. development of periosteum
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20
Q

Describe the steps of endochondral ossification

A
  1. Formation of cartilage model of bones
  2. Growth of cartilage model
  3. Development of primary ossification centre
  4. Medullary cavity forms
  5. Development of secondary ossification centre
  6. Epiphyseal plate remains in the epiphysis and diaphysis
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21
Q

What two processes maintain homeostasis in bones and what do they involve?

A

Bone resorption - osteoclasts + PTH

Bone deposition - osteoblasts + calcitonin

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22
Q

PTH increases/decreases osteoclast activity, and increases/decreases loss of Ca 2+ in urine

A

increases

decreases

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23
Q

Calcitonin increases/decreases osteoclast activity

A

decreases

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24
Q

What vitamins and minerals are required for bone development, growth and repair?

A

Vit A, C, D

Minerals: Ca, P, Mg

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25
Q

What happens when there is a deficiency of Vitamin A, C OR D?

A

A - retarded bone development
C - fragile bones
D - rickets

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26
Q

Insufficient growth hormone leads to _____

A

dwarfism

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27
Q

Excessive growth hormone leads to ______

A

gigantism

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28
Q

Insufficient thyroid hormone leads to a _____ in bone growth

A

delay

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29
Q

Name the 3 parts of the axial skelton

A

Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax

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30
Q

List the functions of the axial skeleton

A

Support
Protection
Provide a large SA for muscle attachment

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31
Q

What are the two types of bones in the skull?

A

Cranium

Facial bones

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32
Q

Which bone is attached by a freely moveable joint?

A

Mandible

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33
Q

What is the total number of bones in the skull?

A

22

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34
Q

How many skull bones form the cranium?

A

8

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35
Q

How many skull bones form the face?

A

14

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36
Q

There are 7 addition bones associated with the skull, what are they and how are they connected?

A

6 auditory ossicles within the temporal bones

1 hypoid bone connected to inferior surface of temporal bones by a pair of ligaments

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37
Q

Name the cranium bones of the skull and where they are

A 
Occipital - back
Parietal - top + sides
Frontal - anterior
Temporal - lower sides
Sphenoid + ethmoid - floor
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38
Q

Name the 3 ear ossicles

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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39
Q

Name the facial bones of the skull and where they are

A 
Maxillary bones (2) - upper jaw bone
Palatine (2) - anterior of palate 
Nasal bones (2) - fuse together to form the nose bridge
Vomer (1) - divides the nasal cavity
Inferior nasal conchae (2) - creates turbulence in air
Zygomatic (2) - cheeks
Lacrimal (2) - smallest bones
Mandible (1) - lower jaw bone
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40
Q

Describe the unique features of the skull

A

Sutures - immovable joint between skull bones
Paranasal sinuses - cavities
Fontanels - soft spot in foetal skull

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41
Q

What are the 3 functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Lighten the skull
Their mucous membrane produces mucus that moistens + cleans air in sinus
Give resonance and amplification to voice

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42
Q

The fontanelles allow the brain to grow/shrink

A

grow

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43
Q

The hyoid bone supports the ____ and is the attachment site for muscles of ____ , ____ , and ____ .

A

laynx

larynx, pharynx, tongue

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44
Q

What are the 3 parts of the hyoid bone?

A

body
greater horns
lesser horns

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45
Q

Name the bony cavities in which eyes are encased

A

Orbits

46
Q

How many bones form the walls of the orbit?

A

7

47
Q

List the functions of the vertebral column

A

Protects + encloses spinal cord
Supports skull
Attachment site for muscles of back, ribs and pelvic girdle
The vertebral discs allow movement
Act as shock absorbers to protect the brain

48
Q

What are the regions of the vertebral column from superior to inferior?

A 
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 sacrum
1 coccyx
49
Q

What are the 2 convex curves in the column?

A

Cervical

Lumbar

50
Q

What are the 2 concave curves in the column?

A

Thoracic

Sacral

51
Q

How do curves aid the vertebral column?

A

Increase strength, help balance and absorb shock

52
Q

Vertebra are made of 2 components, what are they?

A

Body

Vertebral arch

53
Q

Name the 7 processes from the vertebral arch

A 
Transverse process - extends laterally
Spinous process - extends dorsally
2 Superior articular processes
2 Inferior articular processes 
these form joints with vertebrae
54
Q

What do C1 and C2 do?

A

C1 (atlas) - supports head

C2 (axis) - creates pivot for head rotation

55
Q

Thoracic (T1 -T12) vertebrae are larger/smaller than cervical

A

larger

56
Q

Lumbar (L1-L5) are the largest/smallest and strongest/weakest vertebrae

A

largest

strongest

57
Q

How many Sacrum vertebrae are there?

A

S1-S5

58
Q

How many units are the 4 coccygeal vertebrae fused into?

A

1

59
Q

What is the average length of the adult vertebral column?

A

71cm

60
Q

Name 3 abnormal Spinal curvatures

A

Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis

61
Q

What type of curvature is scoliosis?

A

abnormal lateral

62
Q

What type of curvature is kyphosis?

A

exaggerated thoracic

63
Q

What type of curvature is lordosis?

A

exaggerated lumbar

64
Q

What does the bony thorax comprise of?

A

Thoracic cage
sternum
ribs - 12 pairs

65
Q

What is the main function of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Movement

66
Q

What are the 2 girdles that attach limbs to the axial, and how?

A

Pectoral girdle attaches upper limbs to trunk

Pelvic girdle attaches lower limbs to trunk

67
Q

The pectoral girdle (shoulder) consists of the ____ and the _____

A

clavicle and scapula

68
Q

The shoulder joint socket is shallow, which makes it good for ____ but bad for ____ .

A

flexibility

stability

69
Q

The sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the _____ .

The acrominal end articulates with the ______ .

A

manubrium

scapula

70
Q

The scapula is located on the ______ surface of the rib cage, and is located between ribs 2 - ___ .

A

dorsal

7

71
Q

Name the 3 borders of the scapula

A

Superior
Medial (vertebral)
Lateral (axillary)

72
Q

Name the 3 angles of the scapula

A

Superior
Lateral
Inferior

73
Q

List the 4 regions of the upper limb

A

Brachium (arm proper)
Antebrachium (forearm)
Carpus (wrist)
Manus (hand)

74
Q

Describe what 4 regions of the upper limb are made of?

A

Brachium - 1 bone = humerus
Antebrachium - 2 bones = radius and ulna
Carpus - 8 bones in 2 rows
Manus - 19 bones = 5 metacarpals in palm, 14 phalanges in fingers

75
Q

What is the strongest and longest bone of the upper limb?

A

humerus

76
Q

The humerus articulates with the _____ at the _____ .

It articulates with the _____ and ______ at the elbow.

A

scapula
shoulder
radius
ulna

77
Q

In the forearm, the proximal ends articulate with the ____, and the distal ends articulate with _____ . Radius and ulna articulate with each other at the proximal and distal _______ joints.

A

humerus
carpals
radioulnar

78
Q

The ________ membrane interconnects the radius and ulna.

A

interossesus

79
Q

The anatomical position of the forearm : the radius is _____ and the ulna is _____ .

A

lateral

medial

80
Q

The ulna is the main bone responsible for forming the _____ joint with the humerus, and plays little/no role in hand movement.

A

elbow

81
Q

The ____ joint allows the forearm to bend on arm

A

hinge

82
Q

Distal end of the ulna is separated from carpals by _______ .

A

fibrocartilage

83
Q

Superior surface of radius articulates with the _____ .

A

capitulum

84
Q

Medially, the radius articulates with the ____ ____ of the ulna.

A

radial notch

85
Q

Distal radius articulates with _____ bones, and when radius moves, the ____ moves with it.

A

carpal

hand

86
Q

Name the proximal row of carpal bones from lateral to medial

A

scaphoid
lunate
triquetral
pisiform

87
Q

Name the distal row of carpal bones from lateral to medial

A

trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate

88
Q

how many metacarpals radiate distally from the wrist

A

5

89
Q

Metacarpals form the ____ and are labelled 1-__ .

A

palm

5

90
Q

Metacarpals articulate proximally with the distal row of ______ , and they articulate distally with the proximal _____ .

A

carpals

phalanges

91
Q

Except for the _____ each finger has 3 phalanges.

A

proximal
middle
distal

92
Q

The pelvis girdle comprises of 2 ___ bones that attach lower limbs to the ____ skeleton with strong ligaments.
The pelvis girdle supports pelvic _____ .

A

hip
axial
organs

93
Q

List the 3 hip bones that fuse together in the pelvic girdle, and name the other 2 bones that form the bony pelvis.

A

Ilium
ischium
pubis

sacrum
coccyx

94
Q

Describe the gender differences of the pelvis:
Bone thickness
Pubic arch

A

Thinner and smoother in females

Pubic arch is higher in females

95
Q

Bones of lower limb are ____ and _____ than those of upper limbs.

A

thicker

stronger

96
Q

Describe the 3 segments of the lower limb

A

Thigh - femur
Leg - tibia and fibula
Foot - 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges

97
Q

What is the largest and strongest bone in the body?

A

femur

98
Q

The femur articulates with hip proximally/distally and with the tibia and patella proximally/distally.

A

proximally

distally

99
Q

The head articulates with the acetabulum of the ___ bone to form the hip joint.

A

hip

100
Q

Name the projection felt and seen in the front of the hollow on the side of the hip

A

greater trochanter

101
Q

The distal end of the femur expands into the ____ condyle and _____ condyle,

A

medial

lateral

102
Q

The patella is a _____ bone formed within tendon of ______ _____

A

seasamoid

quadriceps femoris

103
Q

Describe the function of the patella

A

Increase leverage of the tendon
Maintain position of tendon when flexing the knee
Protect the knee joint

104
Q

During normal flexion and extension of the knee, the patella ____ up and down in the groove between the two femoral ____ .

A

glides

condyles

105
Q

Which bone is larger the tibia/ fibula?

A

tibia - receives most of the weight

106
Q

What membrane connects the tibia and fibula?

A

interosseus

107
Q

Tibia articulates with _____ at ____ end to form the ____ joint .

A

femur
superior
knee

108
Q

Tibia articulates with talus at the _____ end to form the _____ joint.

A

inferior

ankle

109
Q

What is the function of the fibula?

A

Stabilise the ankle joint

110
Q

The ankle has 7 bones altogether, what are the two main bones called?

A

large talus - ankle bone

Calcaneus - heel bone

111
Q

List the functions of the foot

A

Support body weight
Acts as a lever to propel body forward
Segmentation makes foot adapted to uneven ground

112
Q

The bones of the foot are arranged to form 3 strong arches, what are they ?

A

2 longitudinal

1 transverse

PHA112 (16 decks)

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