Bones - skeletal system Flashcards
Name the 2 divisions of the skeletal system
Axial
Appendicular
List the functions of bones
Support Protection Movement Mineral homeostasis Blood cell production (haemopoiesis) Triglyceride storage
Name the 2 types of bone tissue
Compact
Spongy
What is compact bone tissue made of?
Osteons and few spaces
What is spongy bone tissue made of?
Tribeculleus bone tissue and no osteons
Name the 4 classes of bone and give an example of each
Long (femur/humerus)
Short (carpals/tarsals)
Flat (scapula/sternum/ribs)
Irregular (vertebrae/hip bones)
What type of bone tissue are long bones made of?
Compact
What type of bone tissue are short bones made of?
Spongy
What type of bone tissue are flat bones made of?
Thin layers of compact surrounded by a spongy layer
Describe the anatomy of a long bone (3 parts)
Diaphysis - shaft of bone made of compact bone tissue
Epiphysis - end of bone made of spongy bone tissue
Metaphysis - Where diaphysis joins the epiphysis
Name the structures within a long bone
Articular cartilage Periosteum Sharpey's fibres Arteries Endosteum Medullary cavity
What are the 2 types of bone markings?
Projections + processes
Depressions
Bone markings act as attachment sites for what?
Muscles
Tendons
Ligaments
Name the 3 types of bone cells and are they bone forming / mature / bone destroying ?
Osteoblasts - bone - forming
Osteocytes - mature
Osteoclasts - bone destroying
What is the the process of bone formation called?
Ossification
Define remodelling
Replacement of old bone
Name the 2 methods of ossification
Intramembranous
Endochondral
Give an example of bone/s that are formed by intramembranous ossification
skull bones, mandible
Describe the steps of intramembranous ossification
- development of ossification centre
- calcification
- formation of spongy bone tissue
- development of periosteum
Describe the steps of endochondral ossification
- Formation of cartilage model of bones
- Growth of cartilage model
- Development of primary ossification centre
- Medullary cavity forms
- Development of secondary ossification centre
- Epiphyseal plate remains in the epiphysis and diaphysis
What two processes maintain homeostasis in bones and what do they involve?
Bone resorption - osteoclasts + PTH
Bone deposition - osteoblasts + calcitonin
PTH increases/decreases osteoclast activity, and increases/decreases loss of Ca 2+ in urine
increases
decreases
Calcitonin increases/decreases osteoclast activity
decreases
What vitamins and minerals are required for bone development, growth and repair?
Vit A, C, D
Minerals: Ca, P, Mg
What happens when there is a deficiency of Vitamin A, C OR D?
A - retarded bone development
C - fragile bones
D - rickets
Insufficient growth hormone leads to _____
dwarfism
Excessive growth hormone leads to ______
gigantism
Insufficient thyroid hormone leads to a _____ in bone growth
delay
Name the 3 parts of the axial skelton
Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax
List the functions of the axial skeleton
Support
Protection
Provide a large SA for muscle attachment
What are the two types of bones in the skull?
Cranium
Facial bones
Which bone is attached by a freely moveable joint?
Mandible
What is the total number of bones in the skull?
22
How many skull bones form the cranium?
8
How many skull bones form the face?
14
There are 7 addition bones associated with the skull, what are they and how are they connected?
6 auditory ossicles within the temporal bones
1 hypoid bone connected to inferior surface of temporal bones by a pair of ligaments
Name the cranium bones of the skull and where they are
Occipital - back Parietal - top + sides Frontal - anterior Temporal - lower sides Sphenoid + ethmoid - floor
Name the 3 ear ossicles
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Name the facial bones of the skull and where they are
Maxillary bones (2) - upper jaw bone Palatine (2) - anterior of palate Nasal bones (2) - fuse together to form the nose bridge Vomer (1) - divides the nasal cavity Inferior nasal conchae (2) - creates turbulence in air Zygomatic (2) - cheeks Lacrimal (2) - smallest bones Mandible (1) - lower jaw bone
Describe the unique features of the skull
Sutures - immovable joint between skull bones
Paranasal sinuses - cavities
Fontanels - soft spot in foetal skull
What are the 3 functions of the paranasal sinuses?
Lighten the skull
Their mucous membrane produces mucus that moistens + cleans air in sinus
Give resonance and amplification to voice
The fontanelles allow the brain to grow/shrink
grow
The hyoid bone supports the ____ and is the attachment site for muscles of ____ , ____ , and ____ .
laynx
larynx, pharynx, tongue
What are the 3 parts of the hyoid bone?
body
greater horns
lesser horns
Name the bony cavities in which eyes are encased
Orbits
How many bones form the walls of the orbit?
7
List the functions of the vertebral column
Protects + encloses spinal cord
Supports skull
Attachment site for muscles of back, ribs and pelvic girdle
The vertebral discs allow movement
Act as shock absorbers to protect the brain
What are the regions of the vertebral column from superior to inferior?
7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 1 sacrum 1 coccyx
What are the 2 convex curves in the column?
Cervical
Lumbar
What are the 2 concave curves in the column?
Thoracic
Sacral
How do curves aid the vertebral column?
Increase strength, help balance and absorb shock
Vertebra are made of 2 components, what are they?
Body
Vertebral arch
Name the 7 processes from the vertebral arch
Transverse process - extends laterally Spinous process - extends dorsally 2 Superior articular processes 2 Inferior articular processes these form joints with vertebrae
What do C1 and C2 do?
C1 (atlas) - supports head
C2 (axis) - creates pivot for head rotation
Thoracic (T1 -T12) vertebrae are larger/smaller than cervical
larger
Lumbar (L1-L5) are the largest/smallest and strongest/weakest vertebrae
largest
strongest
How many Sacrum vertebrae are there?
S1-S5
How many units are the 4 coccygeal vertebrae fused into?
1
What is the average length of the adult vertebral column?
71cm
Name 3 abnormal Spinal curvatures
Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis
What type of curvature is scoliosis?
abnormal lateral
What type of curvature is kyphosis?
exaggerated thoracic
What type of curvature is lordosis?
exaggerated lumbar
What does the bony thorax comprise of?
Thoracic cage
sternum
ribs - 12 pairs
What is the main function of the appendicular skeleton?
Movement
What are the 2 girdles that attach limbs to the axial, and how?
Pectoral girdle attaches upper limbs to trunk
Pelvic girdle attaches lower limbs to trunk
The pectoral girdle (shoulder) consists of the ____ and the _____
clavicle and scapula
The shoulder joint socket is shallow, which makes it good for ____ but bad for ____ .
flexibility
stability
The sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the _____ .
The acrominal end articulates with the ______ .
manubrium
scapula
The scapula is located on the ______ surface of the rib cage, and is located between ribs 2 - ___ .
dorsal
7
Name the 3 borders of the scapula
Superior
Medial (vertebral)
Lateral (axillary)
Name the 3 angles of the scapula
Superior
Lateral
Inferior
List the 4 regions of the upper limb
Brachium (arm proper)
Antebrachium (forearm)
Carpus (wrist)
Manus (hand)
Describe what 4 regions of the upper limb are made of?
Brachium - 1 bone = humerus
Antebrachium - 2 bones = radius and ulna
Carpus - 8 bones in 2 rows
Manus - 19 bones = 5 metacarpals in palm, 14 phalanges in fingers
What is the strongest and longest bone of the upper limb?
humerus
The humerus articulates with the _____ at the _____ .
It articulates with the _____ and ______ at the elbow.
scapula
shoulder
radius
ulna
In the forearm, the proximal ends articulate with the ____, and the distal ends articulate with _____ . Radius and ulna articulate with each other at the proximal and distal _______ joints.
humerus
carpals
radioulnar
The ________ membrane interconnects the radius and ulna.
interossesus
The anatomical position of the forearm : the radius is _____ and the ulna is _____ .
lateral
medial
The ulna is the main bone responsible for forming the _____ joint with the humerus, and plays little/no role in hand movement.
elbow
The ____ joint allows the forearm to bend on arm
hinge
Distal end of the ulna is separated from carpals by _______ .
fibrocartilage
Superior surface of radius articulates with the _____ .
capitulum
Medially, the radius articulates with the ____ ____ of the ulna.
radial notch
Distal radius articulates with _____ bones, and when radius moves, the ____ moves with it.
carpal
hand
Name the proximal row of carpal bones from lateral to medial
scaphoid
lunate
triquetral
pisiform
Name the distal row of carpal bones from lateral to medial
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
how many metacarpals radiate distally from the wrist
5
Metacarpals form the ____ and are labelled 1-__ .
palm
5
Metacarpals articulate proximally with the distal row of ______ , and they articulate distally with the proximal _____ .
carpals
phalanges
Except for the _____ each finger has 3 phalanges.
proximal
middle
distal
The pelvis girdle comprises of 2 ___ bones that attach lower limbs to the ____ skeleton with strong ligaments.
The pelvis girdle supports pelvic _____ .
hip
axial
organs
List the 3 hip bones that fuse together in the pelvic girdle, and name the other 2 bones that form the bony pelvis.
Ilium
ischium
pubis
sacrum
coccyx
Describe the gender differences of the pelvis:
Bone thickness
Pubic arch
Thinner and smoother in females
Pubic arch is higher in females
Bones of lower limb are ____ and _____ than those of upper limbs.
thicker
stronger
Describe the 3 segments of the lower limb
Thigh - femur
Leg - tibia and fibula
Foot - 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges
What is the largest and strongest bone in the body?
femur
The femur articulates with hip proximally/distally and with the tibia and patella proximally/distally.
proximally
distally
The head articulates with the acetabulum of the ___ bone to form the hip joint.
hip
Name the projection felt and seen in the front of the hollow on the side of the hip
greater trochanter
The distal end of the femur expands into the ____ condyle and _____ condyle,
medial
lateral
The patella is a _____ bone formed within tendon of ______ _____
seasamoid
quadriceps femoris
Describe the function of the patella
Increase leverage of the tendon
Maintain position of tendon when flexing the knee
Protect the knee joint
During normal flexion and extension of the knee, the patella ____ up and down in the groove between the two femoral ____ .
glides
condyles
Which bone is larger the tibia/ fibula?
tibia - receives most of the weight
What membrane connects the tibia and fibula?
interosseus
Tibia articulates with _____ at ____ end to form the ____ joint .
femur
superior
knee
Tibia articulates with talus at the _____ end to form the _____ joint.
inferior
ankle
What is the function of the fibula?
Stabilise the ankle joint
The ankle has 7 bones altogether, what are the two main bones called?
large talus - ankle bone
Calcaneus - heel bone
List the functions of the foot
Support body weight
Acts as a lever to propel body forward
Segmentation makes foot adapted to uneven ground
The bones of the foot are arranged to form 3 strong arches, what are they ?
2 longitudinal
1 transverse
