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PHA112 > Brain Structures & Functions > Flashcards

Brain Structures & Functions Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 areas of the brain

A
  • Hindbrain
  • Midbrain
  • Forebrain
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2
Q

What is the hindbrain made up of?

A
  • The cerebellum
  • the pons
  • the medulla
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3
Q

Where are the cranial nerves found?

A

Brain stem

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4
Q

What is the medulla oblangata?

A

Lowest part of the brain & lowest portion of brainstem

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5
Q

What does the medulla contain?

A

Cardiac, respiratory & vasomotor centers

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6
Q

List functions of the medulla

A
  • Breathing
  • Maintaining a steady heart rate & blood pressure
  • Swallowing
  • Inciting regurgitation
  • Urination & defecation
  • Coordinating lifesaving reflexes
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7
Q

What does the pons connect?

A

Cerebral cortex with the medulla oblangata

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8
Q

List functions of the pons

A
  • Helps transfer messages between brain & spinal cord
  • Involved in motor control & sensory analysis, acting as sensory/motor relay center
  • Helps regulate resp system by assisting medulla oblangata in controlling breathing rate
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9
Q

What cranial nerve nuclei does the pons contain?

A
  • Trigeminal nerve sensory nucleus (V)
  • Abducens nucleus (VI)
  • Facial nerve nucleus (VII)
  • Vestibulcochlear nuclei (VIII)
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10
Q

What are located in the pons?

A

raphe nuclei

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11
Q

What is the raphe nuclei?

A

Site of synthesis of serotonin

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12
Q

What do chemicals produced in pons help maintain?

A

Sleep-wake cycle

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13
Q

What is the cerebellum divided into?

A

two hemispheres

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14
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Sensorimotor function

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15
Q

What does damage to the cerebellum result in?

A

Cerebral palsy (neurological conditions that affect movement & co-ordination)

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16
Q

What does the midbrain nuclei consist of?

A
  • Substantia nigra (DA>parkinson’s)
  • Ventral tegmental area (DA > reward & addiction)
  • Periaqueductal gray (opioid: GABA > pain)
  • Raphe nuclei (5-HT> antidepressants)
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17
Q

The _____ _____ is located in the _____ > NA > arousal

A

locus coeruleus

pons

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18
Q

What does the midbrain control?

A

Visual & auditory system

Eye movement, crucial for hearing & sight

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19
Q

The _____ nucleus & ______ _____ control body movement

A

red

substantia niagra

20
Q

List the 2 sections of the forebrain

A
  • Telencephalon

- Diencephalon

21
Q

What does the telencephalon consist of?

A

Two cerebral hemispheres of cerebrum & their interconnections

22
Q

What does the diencephalon contain?

A

Thalamus & hypothalamus

23
Q

What is the gray matter of the brain?

A

Cerebral cortex

24
Q

What are gyri (gyrus)?

A

bumps/bulges on the cortex

25
Q

List the 4 lobes in the cerebral cortex

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  • Temporal lobe
26
Q

List where the 4 lobes are located & what each are concerned with

A
  • Frontal: front of central sulcus, parts of speech & movement
  • Parietal: behind central sulcus, stimuli to touch, pressure
  • Occipital: back of brain, aspects of vision
  • Temporal: below lateral fissure, auditory stimuli & memory
27
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Parts of brain that control emotion, motivation & memory

28
Q

What is the hippocampus & where is it located?

A

Part of the forebrain

Located in medial temporal lobe

29
Q

What does the hippocampus consist of?

A

Grey matter

30
Q

What disease is the hippocampus affected by?

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

31
Q

What does the basal forebrain nuclei (BFN) include?

A
  • nucleus basalis of meynert
  • medial septal nucleus
  • diagonal band nuclei
32
Q

What does the BFN neurons project cholinergic neurons to?

A
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Hippocampal formation
  • Alzheimer disease
33
Q

What is the cingulate cortex?

A

Curved fold covering the corpus callosum

34
Q

What is the cingulate cortex divided into?

A

Anterior: processing emotions & behaviour regulation
Posterior: movement, navigation & spatial orientation

35
Q

Where is the amygdala located?

A

Anterior to the hippocampus

36
Q

List functions of the olfactory bulb

A
  • Transmits smell information from nose to brain

- Sends olfactory info to be processed in amygdala, olfactory cortex & hippocampus

37
Q

List what the thalamus is involved in

A
  • Relaying of sensory & motor signals to cerebral cortex
  • Control of muscular movements
  • Regulation of consciousness, sleep & alertness
38
Q

List functions of the thalamus

A
  • Motor control
  • Pain perception
  • Relays sensory signals
  • Controls sleep & awake states
39
Q

What is thalamic pain (central pain syndrome)?

A

Damage to spinal tracts

40
Q

What can damage to the thalamus lead to?

A

Permanent coma

41
Q

List functions of the hypothalamus

A
  • Regulates release of hormones from pituitary gland
  • Maintains homeostasis
  • Regulates sensations e.g. hunger, thirst
  • Controls behaviour
42
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland release?

A
  • GH, THS, FSH, LH, Prolactin, ACTH
43
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland release?

A
  • ADH

- Oxytocin

44
Q

Is the pineal gland endocrine/exocrine?

A

endocrine

45
Q

Where is the pineal gland located and what does is produce?

A

Epithalamus between two cerebral hemispheres

  • Melatonin produced
46
Q

What does melatonin affect?

A
  • Wake/sleep patterns
  • Seasonal functions
  • Influences sexual development

PHA112 (16 decks)

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