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PHA112 > Central Nervous System 1 > Flashcards

Central Nervous System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central organ of the nervous system?

A

Brain

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2
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brain & spinal cord

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3
Q

What does the surface anatomy include?

A
  • Cerebral hemispheres
  • Cerebellum
  • Brainstem
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4
Q

What is the average weight of a

  • new born?
  • adult human brain?
A
  • 350-400g

- 1300-1400g

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5
Q

What are the functions of the CNS?

A
  • Form a communication network
  • Coordinates all the systems of body & allow to function
  • Integrates the info that it receives
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6
Q

What do neurons receive messages from other neurons through?

A

dendrites

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7
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Carry message to neurons cell body

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8
Q

What do axons do?

A

Carry outgoing messages

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9
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A group of axons bundled together in the PNS

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10
Q

What is a nerve fascicle(fasciculus)?

A

Bundle of funicili

Funiculus (bundle of axons)

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11
Q

What is a tract?

A

A group of axons bundled together in CNS

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12
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Collection of neural cell bodies in CNS

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13
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS (except basal ganglia)

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14
Q

List the 2 functions of a myelin sheath

A
  • Increases neuron efficiency

- Provides insulation

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15
Q

Name two demyelinating diseases

A
  • Multiple sclerosis

- Guillain-Barre syndrome

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16
Q

What is white matter?

A

Bundle of axons each coated with a sheath of myelin

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17
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Masses of cell bodies and dendrites - each covered with synapses

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18
Q

List the 3 types of nerve tracts

A
  • Association fibers
  • Commissural fibers
  • Projection fibers
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19
Q

List the 3 groups nerves are categorised by based on direction of the signals

A
  • Afferent nerves (signals from sensory neurons to CNS)
  • Efferent nerves ( CNS to target muscles & glands)
  • Mixed nerves (both afferent & efferent axons)
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20
Q

What is the ascending/afferent pathway?

A

Neurons projecting from the periphery toward the brain

21
Q

What is the descending/efferent pathway?

A

Neurons projecting from brain toward periphery

22
Q

What does the dorsal root ganglia contain?

A

Cell bodies of sensory neurons

23
Q

What does the dorsal horn contain?

A

First point of synapse of sensory neurons

24
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

25
Q

Name the two roots the spinal nerve branches into

A
  • Anterior (ventral relays sensory info)

- Posterior (dorsal root relays motor info)

26
Q

______ transport substances from cell body to axon terminal toward the ____ end of microtubule (______ transport)

A

Kinesin
plus
Anterograde

27
Q

______ transport substances from the axon terminal to the cell body toward the ____ end of the microtubule (_____ transport)

A

Dyenin
minus
retrograde

28
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A
  • Transport of nutrients, proteins & other important substances from neuron cell body to other parts of nerve cell
29
Q

What do neurofibrillary tangles consist of ?

A

Insoluble twisted fibres

30
Q

What does a synapse consist of?

A
  • Presynaptic ending
  • Postsynaptic neuron
  • Synaptic cleft/space
31
Q

Differences in ____ concentration on opposite sides of the membrane produce a _________ (______)

A

ion
voltage difference
membrane potential

32
Q

What does the sum of EPSP & IPSP dictate?

A

Neuron gets depolarised/hyperpolarised

33
Q

What is the function of the axon hillock?

A

Controls the firing of the neuron

34
Q

What does a gate keeper or a sensor do?

A

Sums the total inhibitory & excitatory signals

35
Q

If the sum of the signals exceeds a certain threshold what happens?

A

Action potential triggered & electrical signal transmitted down the axon away from cell body

36
Q

List the 3 different types of neurons

A
  • Sensory (signals from outer parts of body into CNS)
  • Motor ( signals from CNS to outer parts of body)
  • Interneurons (connect neurons within brain & spinal cord)
37
Q

The ______ the nerve fiber the _____ information travels

A

thicker

faster

38
Q

C-nerve fibers are unmyelinated/myelinated?

A

unmyelinated

39
Q

What are sensory recptors?

A

Specialised endings of afferent neurons/seperate cells

40
Q

List the functions of sensory receptors

A
  • Detect & respond to physical/chemical stimuli

- Convert one form of energy into another (heat> electrical)

41
Q

Many types of sensory receptors.

List what osmoreceptors, proprioceptors, polymodal receptors & nociceptors are

A
  • Osmoreceptors: changes in osmotic pressure
  • Proprioceptors: joint position sense
  • Polymodal receptors: More than one type of stimulus
  • Nociceptors: damage/distortion of tissues
42
Q

List the 3 types of membrane-bound receptors

A
  • Ligand-gated ion channel (have a channel through which ions move inside & outside of cells)
  • GPCR receptors (act through both LGIC & enzyme-linked pathways)
  • Kinase-linked receptors (transmembrane receptors, binding of extracellular ligand causes enzymatic activity on intracellular)
43
Q

What are nuclear receptors and where are they located?

A

Non-membrane bound receptors, located in nucleus of cells

44
Q

When are nuclear receptors activated?

A

When ligand molecules enter the nuclear membrane e.g. estradiol

45
Q

Are GABAA inhibitory/excitatory?

A

inhibitory

46
Q

What is an autoreceptor?

A

Receptor located on the neuron and bind a specific ligand released by that same neuron

47
Q

Are autoreceptors inhibitory/excitatory?

A

inhibitory

48
Q

List autoreceptors

A
  • dopamine D2 receptor
  • alpha 2a & alpha 2c adrenoreceptors
  • M2 and M4 muscarinic receptors
  • H3 receptors

PHA112 (16 decks)

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