Skeletal System- Bones Flashcards
1
Q
What is the main functions of bones?
A
Support-scaffolding
Protection- surround partial( thorax/lungs and heart) complete skull/brain
Locomotion- something attached that moves- muscle attachment -storage for essential materials- calcium and phosphorous
Hematopoiesis- produce blood
2
Q
A
3
Q
What is the microscopic structure of bones?
A
Osteoblasts- build bone and produce bone cells
Osteocyte- bone cells
Osteoclasts- remove bone and remodel
4
Q
What three things are essential for bones function?
A
Calcium phosphorous balance
Calcitonin- hormone
PTH
5
Q
What is Wolff’s law?
A
Bone or tissue remolded due to stress applied to it.
Bone healing- bone fractured or broken
6
Q
What is cancellous bone?
A
Spongy bone inside the bone. Bone spicules
Light=strong
Narrow= liquid fluid
7
Q
What are the parts of the bone
A
Internal in either the metaphysis/epiphysis -inside the ends of bone
Short bones- fingers
Flat bones- skull
8
Q
What is compact bone?
A
Outside bone the harder part.
Lamellar bone, dense and strong
9
Q
What is the Haversian system?
A
Communication and way blood vessels in tiny compacted cylinders of bone runs length wise
Also called a canal that has vascular and nerves
10
Q
What is lamina?
A
Multiple layers
11
Q
Canaliculi
A
Cell to cell external location
12
Q
What is the diaphysis?
A
Middle of the bone
13
Q
What is the membranous layer of bone?
A
Nerves and blood vessels are here
14
Q
What is the periosteum?
A
Lines the outside of bone- fibrous tissue
15
Q
What is endosteum?
A
Lines numeros bones on the inside
16
Q
What is the formation of bones?
A
Has endochondral- inside cartilage most bones have this
Ossification centers of long bones- blood vessels surfaces things blood- cartilage
Primary diaphysis, secondary epiphysis
Epiphyseal plate- divide the head of bone epiphysis/diaphysis
Cartilage remains stops growing
Bone browns longitudinal and growth plate closes, cartilage ossificates meaning changes into bone
17
Q
What is the intramembranous?
A
Inside of a membrane some bones in the skull have this and cellular differentiation
18
Q
What is a mesochondal?
A
Specific spot in embryo
19
Q
What is the term for beginning of bone?
A
Osteogenic
20
Q
What is included in osteoid production?
A
Calcification and remodeling
21
Q
Classification of bones
A
Long- longer than they are wide
Length>width
Parts epiphysis- on top of physics
22
Q
Proximal
A
Top
23
Q
Dorsal
A
Bottom
24
Q
Metaphysis
A
Top
Cancellous bone
25
Diaphysis
Get bone marrow/fat in
Medullary cavity
26
Extremities of bone
Long bone
Short bones- cube
Flat- carpus, Taurus, skull
Irregular- not like others, vertebrae,sesamoid, patella
27
Cortex
Cortical bone
28
Thin bone
Cancellous-wrist
Fills completely
No medullary cavity
Carpus/tarsus
Wrist heal joint
29
Flat bones
Cortex- cortical bone- outer layer
Cancellous- spongy bone
Locations- skull,scapula.ribs,pelvis
30
Irregular bones
Cortex
Cancellous
Location
Vertebrae,sesamoid,patella
31
Short bones
Shaped like cubes,carpus,tarsus
32
Long bones
Leg bones
33
Pneumatic
Sinus cavity- weight of skull
34
Skull
Maxillary
Frontal - forehead region of skull
35
Birds
Long bones and vertebrae
36
Splanchnic bones
Bones that form completely in soft tissue no connection to skeleton
Some species, soft tissues, no skeletal attachment
37
Os penis
Bone in penis of canine,ferret, raccoon,walrus
38
Os cord is
Bone found in cattle
39
Os rostri
Pigs snout bone
40
Red bone marrow
Produce blood cells
Flat bones(ribs,Hips) proximal
End of femur and humerous
41
Yellow bone marrow
Fat cells
Adults can revert
Hematopoietic
42
Bone projections
Articular surface- condyle
Cylindrical- water bottle shape
Occipital- ho your head attaches to spine
43
Head of a bone
Spherical like the femur head, numerous, and ribs
44
What does it mean for a bone to be facet?
2 flat surfaces that come together, flatteed
45
What is the trochlea of the bone
Projection that has a digit at the bottom end of humerous and is grooved
46
What is a non-articulation on a bone?
No contact with other bones
47
What is the function of a projection on a bone?
Connect tendons to muscles and ligaments bone to bone
48
Tuberosity
Medium bump on humerous ,generally larger
49
Tubercle
Small bump on bone, humerus
50
Trochantar
Large prominence on the femur
51
Parts of the spine
Crest-top
Process- smaller projection on bones
Epicondyle- upon a coddle
Depressions - head fits in this spot
Cavity- bone to bone
52
Notch/groove on the spine
Passage way
53
Foramen
Hole in a bone
54
Fossa
Larger shallow depression
Depression or sunken area on the surface of a bone
55
Fovea
Small depression
56
Canal
Tubericle hole
57
Axial skeleton
Bones of the head and trunk
58
Condyle
Knuckle like projections at distal end of some long bones covered by articular cartilage and articulate with other bones
59
What are the subdivisions of the skeletal system?
Axial-center
Axis- skull,vertebrae,ribs,sternum,hyoid
Appendicular-limbs, visceral splamchnic
60
What is purpose of the skull?
Protection- cranium
Housing,brain,sene organs
Digestive,and respiratory
61
Attachments with the head
Digestive and communication
62
How many bones in the axial skeleton?
37-38 separate
Head - neck located along the central axis of the body
63
What is an articulation
Bone comes in contact with another bone
64
What are sutures on the bone?
Fused together parts of a bone
Immovable
Syndicalism- allows lower jaw to move
Mandibular
Most of he skull bones are united by jagged immovable fibrous joint
65
What is the portion of the head the surrounds the head called?
Cranium
66
Divisions of the head
Cranium
Facial
Ear
67
Functions of the spine?
Protect spinal cord and soft tissues and provide structure
68
Attachments in the axial skeleton
Muscles and ribs,
Bones specific dependent articulations
Axis- c2 cervical vertebrae
69
Synovial
Joints fluid
Cartilaginous- bones of spine underneath don’t move as much
Full movement diarthroses
Ex; elbow,shoulder,hip, stifle
Form the Atlanto occipital joint, connects head to the neck
70
What are the divisions of the spine?
Cervical-1-7 head - throat
Thoracic-13-17, horse 17-18
Lumbar6-7
Sacral- fused
Coccygeal-tail- tail bone(coccyx)
Mammals cervical -7 always
71
Atlas
Holds world on its back
1st vertebrae
72
Axis
No disc
C1-2
73
Synovial joint
Knee cap
74
Synovial membrane
Forms inner surface of the articular capsule
Produces. Thick lubricating fluid- synovial fluid
75
We’re is bone marrow located
Within bones
76
What does it mean for something to be palpated?
Felt with finger tips
77
What are dens?
Bladelike spinous process that projects up dorsally peg like caudal of the atlas help form atlanoaxial joint
78
What is the sacroiliac joint?
Sacrum dorsal to pelvic region and forms a joint with the pelvis on each side
79
Where is the sternum on the body?
Breast bone, floor of thorax
80
What does sternebrae mean?
Rod like bones that make up ribs
81
What is a secondary growth plate do for bones?
Its the final bone formation
82
What is the endochondral bone formation?
Body first creates cartilage” template” that is subsequently replaced by bone the first starts out as rods of cartilage
83
Where are the temporal bones located?
Below ventral to the pariental bones
84
Where is the manubrium located?
Cranial- top of ribs
Holds front limbs on its muscles
85
Where is the Xyphoid located?
Bottom or distal to ribcage/sternum
86
What is the acromial process?
Distal end of spine- extends from spine of scapula towards front of body
87
What is an ischial?
Refers to the ischium- bone in the pelvis that forms the bony parts of buttocks that you sit on
88
Where is the Illuminati on the pelvis?
Cranial most bone of the pelvis
89
What is acetabulum?
Ball+socket hip joint in a concave area
90
What is the purpose of the pelvis?
Support upper body’s weight an transmit it to lower parts of the body and limbs. Protect pelvic organs and attachment points for muscles and ligaments
Os coxae
91
Pelvic symphysis?
Line that joins the two parts of the pelvis together
92
What is the purpose of vertebrae?
Bone of the spine with nerves and muscles
93
What is the hyoid apparatus?
Suspensorio function
Tongue-larynx
Multiple bones
Tympanohyoid
Cartilage-attaches to skull
94
What is the stylohyoid?
1 of suprohyoid muscles of the neck stretches between base of skull and hyoid bone
95
Where is the epihyoid?
On the stylohyoid
96
Where is the ceratohyoid?
Distal end of stylohyoid bone
97
Where is the basihyoid ?
Supports lingual process, tongue attached
98
Where is the thyrohyoid?
Thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone and facilitates the superior movement
Attaches to larynx inside of the mandible of the neck at Adam’s apple
99
What are the parts of the appendicular skeleton?
Shoulders and pelvis
100
Forelimb- quadrupeds
No reticulum with axial
Muscular slings
101
Biceps
Pectoral girdle- clavicle
102
Cat pectoral limb bones
Clavicle is vestigial
103
Scapula
Shoulder
Large muscle attachments on spine, acromial process, and glenoid cavity
104
Humerus
Upper forelimbs near shoulder
Parts
Distal and proximal epicondyles
Epiphyseal plate
Greater tubercle
Olecranon fossa
105
Brachial
Muscle of the upper arm
106
Greater tubercle
Prominent bone of top of humerus
107
Supracondyloid- cats
Hole on side where blood and nerves are
108
Supratrochlear- dogs
Hole in the joint for blood and nerves
109
What is the old Ramon fossa of the ulna?
Elbow
110
What is the antebrachium?
Part of the arm/forelimb between wrist carpus and brachial
Radius and ulnar
111
Ulna
Longest bone of he forearm
Not in some
Parts
Olecranon process
Trochlear notch
Ancona’s process
Lateral styloid process
Radial notch -indentation
112
Radius
Parts radial head
Medial styloid process
Connected to ulnar
Head,neck , and styloid process
113
Carpus
Wrist 2 rows= 7 bones
Proximal
Distal
114
Metacarpals
Numbered medial to lateral
1=dewclaw or thumb
115
Digit
Toes
116
Phalanges
Fingers/toes
117
Horses
Walk on digit 3= cannon bone- middle finger
2,4 splint bones
Proximal =1long pastern
Middle- no dewclaw, short pastern
Distal 3= coffin bone,sesamoid bones
Navicular bone-sesamoid bone
118
What is the proximal sesamoid bone on the horse called?
Metacarpophalangeal
Fetlock joint
119
What is the distal sesamoid bone called?
Ivaricular
120
Pelvic limb of a horse
Issues articulation
Sacroiliac joint
Fibrous
Directly connected to axial skeleton
121
What is the fabellae?
Calf muscle /tendon
122
What is the stifle joint?
Femoratibial joint
123
What is the pradiocarpal joint?
Horse knee
124
What is the hock joint?
Tibiotarsal joint
125
What are the parts of the pelvic limb
/
Os coxae
Illum ischium
Ischial tuberosity
Acetabular
Pubis- pubic symphysis,obturador foramen,acetabular fossa,junction of all 4
126
What are the parts of the femur?
Thigh
Head- fovea capitus- small indent on head of femur
Neck- greater trochanter- lateral side
EpiCondyles both lateral and medial, epiphyseal plates
Trochlear groove
127
What are the parts of the tibia?
Tibial tuberosity
Medial malleus
Tribal crest
Condyles
128
What are the parts of the fibula?
Medial side
Head- lateral malleus
Tarsus- hock or heal,2 rows=7 bones proximal and distal
Metatarsals- numbered
Medial to lateral 1 is absent
129
Horses bones
3= coffin bone
2 and 4=splint bones
Phalanges
Proximal= long pastern
Middle 2= short pastern
Distal 3= coffin bone
130
What are he parts of the skull?
Parietal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxillary bone, nasal bone
Occipital condyles- connects spine to skull
Incisive- lacrimal, orbit, temporal parietal
Angular process of mandible
External acoustic meatus- ear drum located
Sutures
Occipital tympanic bulla
Inter parietal forma en magnum
Frontal caronia process
131
What are the parts of the mandible?
Massentric fossa
Shaft of mandible- horizontal portion that houses the teeth
Mandibular symphysis-line that separates and sutures mandible together
132
Costal
Ribs
133
What is the patella
Knee cap
Patellar ligaments- distal to patella
134
What is the tarsal?
Calcaneous- back of knee cap
Ankle in cats
135
What are the processes on the spine?
Intervertebral discs
Spinal canal- protects spinal cord
Spinous process
Occipital condyles
136
What is the occipital bone?
Single bone that forms the cardorental portion of the skull
137
What are the types of ribs?
Asternal ribs- caudal part of thorax
Floating ribs
138
What are the parts of the nose?
Turbinates- nasal conchae- 4 thin scroll like bones fill most space in nasal cavity
Nasal bones- bridge of nose
139
What is the transverse process?
Along the side of the vertebrae
140
What is the articular process?
Cranial and caudal ends of vertebrae arches, help joints between adjacent vertebrae
141
What is a foramen magnum?
Large hole in the center of the occipital bone where spinal cord exists the skull
142
What are tendons attached to?
Muscle to bone
143
What is a meniscus?
Cartilage plate that acts to help stabilize stifle
144
What does TMJ stand for and hat is it?
Temporomandibular joints TMJ
Form lateral walls of the head. Contains middle and low structures of the skull bone
145
What is a cartilaginous joint?
Ampharthrosis connected to cartilage
Intervertebral discs
146
What is the term for synovial joint/
Diarthrosis
147
What are the 6 joint movements?
Flexión
Extensión
Abduction
Addiction
Rotation
Circumduction
148
What is the joint movement where you decrease the angle between 2 bones?
Flexión
149
What is the joint movement where you increase the angle of two bones?
Extension
150
What is it called when you move something away from median plane?
Abduction
151
What is it called when you
152
What is it called when you move something towards the median plane?
Addution
153
What is it called when you twist a limb on its axis?
Rotation
154
What is it called when you move in object in a circle?
Circumduction
155
What is a hinge joint?
One plane only, movement in one place
Flex/extend
Like a doo hinge
Ex: elbow,stifle
156
What is a gliding joint?
Flat surface glides across
Multiple planes
Flex/extend
Abduction/adduct
Ex:carpus/intertarsal
157
158
What is a pivot joint?
Rotation only
159
Wat is a ball and socket joint?
All planes
Pelvis and femur
160
A joint cavity is called?
Joint space
161
An enclosed joint capsule that is fluid filled is called?
Joint cavity
162
Junctions between bones is called?
Joints
163
The matrix is the?
Framework
Calcium and phosphorous
Strength
164
Wat are the three main structures
Bones
Cartilage
Ligaments
165
Where is the endoskeleton?
Inside of the body
166
Where is the exoskeleton?
Outside of the body
Ticks,fleas,spiders,crabs
167
What is the hip joint called?
Coxofemoral joint
168
Amphi-
Both sides
169
Syn-
Joint together
170
Di-
Through between
171
Meta-
Next or after
172
Epi-
On top
173
Sphenoid sinus
Sphenoid bone of most animals contains a paranasal sinus
174
Ethomoidal sinus
Horses and humans a small paranasal sinus
175
What is the obturator foramen?
2 large holes on the pelvis
176
What occurs in certain skull bones?
Intramembranous bone formation
177
What is the proximal end of the Trochlear called?
Anconeal process
178
What is the bone called that is located rostral of the sphenoid bone?
Ethmoid bone
179
Calcañal tuberosity
Fibular tarsal projections upwards and backward to form a point in the hock
180
Canaliculi
Osteocytes in contact with each other or with their blood supply is through thread like cellular processes in tiny channels through bone
181
Callus
Gradually bridges the fracture gap
182
Incisive bones
Forward bones of skull
Supports teeth
183
Lacrimal bones
2 small bones that forms part of the medial portion of orbit of eyes
184
Costal cartilage
Cartilage part of ribs
185
Maxillary bones
Upper jaw
186
Zygomatic arch
Form portion of the orbit of the eye and joint the process from zygomatic arches either side of the skull
