Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the processes of ingestion?
A
Ingestion
Prehension- grab/ bring food into mouth
Mastication- chew
Deglutition- down GI tract
Digestion
Capillaries- blood, lymphatic ,metabolism ,excretion
2
Q
What system of the GI system is modified?
A
Monogastric- 1 stomach
Non-fermentors: carnivores( cats and ferrets), omnivores( dog,pig, human)
3
Q
What are the monogastric fermenters?
A
Behind the stomach that ferment without oxygen and creating something of an energy source without oxygen.
Equine, elephants,lagamorphs, some rodents, some marsupials
4
Q
What does it meant to be polygastric?
A
Forementers in foregut- chambers before true stomach
Ruminants, pseudoruminants, hamsters, marsupials
5
Q
Anatomy of the mouth
A
Lip
Tongue
Teeth
Accessory organs, salivary glands, pancreas, liver
Biliary system
6
Q
Parts of the oral cavity
A
Osseous structure- incisive, maxillary- teeth
Palative- mandible- teeth
Gigiva- tough fibrous teeth
Surround teeth lining osseous
Structure, Mandibular, maxillary,incisive bones
Lips- some prehensive
7
Q
What you of organ is the tongue?
A
Some cases prehensile organ, cow , giraffe
Taste
Groom- cat ,dog
Vocalization- humans, sounds with tongue
Lingual foramen- under tongue
8
Q
Teeth types
A
Incisors- front, cut into something
Canine teeth- grasp, hold , predators
Premolars- grinding, sheer, into small parts
Molars- chewing, grinding, sheering, caudal to premolars
9
Q
What are detention teeth?
A
Deciduous teeth, baby teeth to fall out, age estimation
Permanent- adult teeth,eruption times, wear
10
Q
When do the teeth of a canine come in?
A
Deciduous- 1st
Incisors-3-4 weeks
Canines-3-4weeks
Premolars-4-12
Permanent teeth-
Incisors- 3-5 months
Canaries-6 months
Premolars 4-6 months
Molars- 507 month Schwann
11
Q
When do feline teeth come in?
A
Deciduous
Incisors-2-3 weeks
Canines- 3-4 weeks
Premolars- 306 weeks
Permanent
Incisors- 304 months
Canaries- 4-5 months
Premolars- 4-6 months
Molars- 4-5 months
12
Q
When do equine teeth come in?
A
Deciduous teeth
Central- 6 days
Lateral -6 weeks
Corner- 6months
Permanent
Central- 2.5years
Lateral-3.5yrs
Center-4.5years
Canine- 4-5 years, old horse
13
Q
Tooth wear
A
Cups
Hooks,etc
Bishopiin appearance
14
Q
Canine dental formula deciduous
A
2x( i3/3,c1/1,p3/3)
15
Q
Feline deciduous teeth formula
A
2x( i3/3,c/1/1,p3/2)
16
Q
Equine deciduous teeth formula
A
2x( i3/3,c0/0,p3/3)
17
Q
Adult canine dental formula
A
2x(I3/3,C1/1,P4/4,M2/3)=42
18
Q
Feline adult teeth dental formula
A
2x( I 3/3, C1/1,P3/2, M1/1)=30
19
Q
Equine adult dental formula
A
2x( I 3/3,C1/1, P3-4/3, M3/3)=47-48
20
Q
Rat, mouse dental formula
A
2x9 I 1/1,C0/0, P0/0,M3/3)=16
21
Q
Guinea pig and chinchilla dental formula
A
2x( I1/1,C0/0, P1/1,M3/3)=20
22
Q
What is the purpose of salivary glands?
A
Lube and bind enzymes:amylase and stretches
Cattle, carnivores, ruminants
White blood cells
Buffer that alters Pitt, ruminants
Cow-150L/day
Sheep 10L/day
Oral hygiene- lysosome
Thermoregulate
Control autonomic and parasite inc and systemic system
23
Q
Where re salivary glands located?
A
Zygomatic- cats
Parotid- Mandibular
Sublingual -secrete saliva into tube of mouth
24
Q
Pharynx parts
A
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
Tonsils
25
What does the Oropharynx do?
Oral cavity, back into pharynx
26
What does the nasopharynx do?
Above soft palate
27
Tonsils location
Lymphoid tissue- dorsal aspect, protect things we may get in the mouth
Muscular tube- deglutition
28
What does the esophagus do?
Transport swallowed particle from oral cavity to stomach
29
What are the layers of the esophagus?
Mucosa, stratified squamous
Submucosa- deep to mucosa, attach to muscle layer, fibrous
Muscular is- muscle
2 layers of peristalsis to squeeze down the throat
30
What is a monogastric stomach?
Store what is ingested maybe a big amount mixes gastric secretions with chyme to transmit to GI
Protein digestion- stomach cause of secretion
Regulate emptying, pyloris, certain things in n out
31
Anatomy of the external surface of the Gi system
Greater curvature- bigger, spleen attaches
Lesser curvature- momentum, off greater curvature, curvature lesser omentum
32
Regions of monogastric stomach
Cardia- esophageal stomach, sphincter in certain species
Fungus- near cardiac, extend cranial to cardiac
Body-
Pylori’s- sphincter, empty
33
Internal monogastric stomach
Rugae- longitudinal folds, expands
Mucosa stratified squamous- cardia, fungus, columnar, secretion, gastric, cardia
34
Mural monogastric stomach
Mucosa- secretory
Submucosa- holds mucosa tissue to muscle layers
Longitudinal circular, oblique- stomach
Serosa - perdónenme, visceral,surface of stomach
35
Physiology of GI system
Cells- gastric- secrete mucus- stomach
Chief- Pepsi on- precursor to pepinogen
Parietal- HCL, secrete, damage mucosa of cell
Intrinsic factor
36
Oral cavity gingiva
Dental arches
Fibrous support
37
Biliary system
Bile acids emulsify fat
Canaliculi- between hepatocytes
Bile ducts
Hepatic ducts
Common bile ducts
Cystic duct
Gall balder- species varies
Storage convention
38
Pyloric antrum
Food broken down into smaller particles
39
Where does digestion begin?
In the mouth
40
Process of digestion
Prehension
Mastication
Digestion
Absorption defecation
41
Pyloric sphincter
Chyme passes through and goes into small intestine
42
Body and fungus of the stomach
Distend when food arrives, contain gastric glands
43
What does the tongue do?
Muscular organ that is voluntary control used for Prehension and move food through the mouth to throat for swallowing
Contains minor salivary glands and tastebuds
44
Cheeks
From side wall of the mouth
Buccal cavity
45
Molars teeth
Grind food , cheek teeth
46
Incisors teeth
Grasp food, uppers absent in ruminants
Cows
47
Omnivores
Eat both plant and meat
Pigs and humans
48
Carnivores
Eat meat
Dogs and cats
49
Herbivores
Eat only plant material
Horses, cows, sheep and goats
50
Hypsodont
High teeth, body encased in enamel and a root embedded in a jaw bone
Continuously erupt, worn down
Horses and ruminants cheek teeth
51
Cardia
Receives food from the esophagus
52
Chyme
Digesta that is broken down enough to leave the stomach
53
What is the purpose of the gastric hormone?
Secreted quickly to stomach and stimulates the release of gastric acid
54
What is the control of the GI system?
Autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic
Hormonal control of gastric, choleocytokinin
Duodenum
GIP- slow down stomach
55
What is gastric emptying?
Liquids empty fast
Solids- breakdown till 2mm in size
Chyme- out of stomach to duodenum- sports
56
Small intestine
Contractions- segmental, alternating
Propulsion-peristalsis-1cm/min,aboral
57
Digestions
Absorbed chyme via cells
58
Mesenteric suspensions
Mesoduodeum
Mesojejunum
Mesoileum
Meseneric root
Vasculature
59
Regions of the small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
To absorb enzymes and help breakdown foods
60
Internal small intestines
Villi- blood vessels- capillaries, lymphatic
Microvilli- brush border, surface area
61
Brunner glands
Duodenum, alkaline secrete mucous, acid out of stomach, damage it to get ulcers
Enterocytes- fluid
Lymphoid cells- defense
62
What is the process of digestion?
Breaks down to molecules to produce proteins, small peptides, amino acids, except neonates, entire proteins
Carbs- monosaccharides
Fats- fatty acids, monoglycerides
Enzymes- pancreatic absorptive cells
63
What are goblet cells?
Mucous
64
What electrolyte does the body need for absorption?
Sodium
Electrochemical gradient- lumen cells, extracellular space inside intestines
65
PROTEIN
Blood capillaries-portal system,peptides, amino acids
Portal system to deliver proteins
66
Carbs
Blood- portal system, liver
67
Fats
Emulsify to small particles, mix with water, bile salt stored in gall bladder to intestines
68
Micelles
Cell description
Simple diffusion across membrane
Fatty transport to triglycerides
Golgi apparatus forms chyme
Extracellular space to lymphatic system
69
Control of the small intestine
Neural enteric nervous system system, own nervous system
Intramural- myenteric motor
Submucosa- gi secrete things
Autonomic connects enteric system
Parasympathetic system
70
Reflexes of the small intestines
Involuntary functional response
Enteric into GI mov things down
Sympathetic nervous system system
Parasympathetic nervous system
71
Small intestines hormonal control
Cholesystokinin
Secretin
Gastric inhibitory peptide
72
Gastric inhibitory peptide
Fatty acids
Amino acids
Inhibition
73
Small intestines regions
Duodenum- common bile duct, pancreatic ducts
Jejunum
Ileum
74
Small intestines control neural reflexes
Enteric
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
75
Small intestines digestion enzymes
Pancreatic absorptive cells
76
Small intestines carbs
Blood capillaries
Portal system
Liver
77
Small intestines electrochemical gradient
Lumen- outside sodium
Cell
Extracellular space
78
Small intestine absorption
Lymphatic system
Lacteals
Systemic system
79
Control neural autonomic
Connects enteric system with parasympathetic system and sympathetic system that enhance and inhibit
80
Enteric neural control
Intramural
Myenteric motor
Submucosa secretion
81
Cholesystokinin
Fats increase bile secretion and mild inhibition
82
Small intestines fats
Emulsification of bile acids an micelles
83
Small intestine secretin
Acidic material with mild inhibition
84
What is the function of the large intestine?
Absorption
Secretion
Storage
Elimination
85
Secretin in the large intestine
Mucus- lube and protect from physical and bacterial binding
H20 electrolytes
Irritant response
86
Large intestine storage
Distal- stores fecal material for elimination
87
What happens during defecation?
Mass movement of fecal material move into the rectum and stretches then anal sphincter relaxes along with abdominal muscles
88
Large intestine anatomy
Varies on species
Hindgut fermenters
89
Regions of the large intestine
Lleocecocolic junction valve to prevent backflow
Cecum- herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores
Colon- varies
Rectum- pelvic canal
Anus- sphincters
90
Large intestine neural enteric control
Distensión in peristalsis
91
Parasympathetic neural control
Distensión with stronger peristalsis
Relax internal sphincter
Distant response to glottis closure ad abdominal push
92
Somatic control
Voluntary
Relax external sphincter Distant response
93
Hindgt large intestine anatomy
Cecum- muscle bands
Ascending colon- muscle bands, right ventral, left ventral, left dorsal , and right dorsal
Transverse colon- small
Descending colon- small
94
Large intestine absorption
Lleoceocolic junction
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
95
96
What items does the large intestine absorb?
Water
Electrolytes-sodium and cl-
Vitamins
Bacterial activity, k and B
Volatile fatty acids- bacterial activity
97
Large intestine motility
Cecum contracts and expands for fecal release
Ascending colon segmental, peristalsis, anti peristalsis
Descending colon- segmental and peristalsis
98
What is the function of the pancreas?
Exocrine gland, mixed
Secretions
Both endocrine and exocrine
99
What does the pancreas secrete?
Bicarbonate bufffer gastric secretions
Digestive -precursors, proteases, lipases, amylases
100
What are the lobes of the pancreas?
Right lobe is the mesoduodenum
Body- pylorus
Left lobe is the greater omentum deep leaf
101
What are the pancreatic ducts?
Ducts varies
Major duodenum papilla
Accessory pancreatic duct
Minor duodenum papilla
102
Pancreas control neural
Parasympathetic- acetylcholine, movement of gall bladder
Eat you rest and digest
Enzymes are minor active
103
How does the hormones help the pancreas?
Choleocystokinin- chyme enter small intestine as well ass fats
Secretion- acidic chyme enters small intestines, bicarbonate
Gastric- gastric distensión, enzymes
104
What is the pancreas/
Provides enzymes that help to break down complex food into absorbable nutrients. Also aids in blood pressure
105
How does the pancreas absorb?
Amylase- complex carbs and starches breakdown
Lipase- fat breakdown
Gastric pepsin- protein breakdown
Protease- protein breakdown
106
What is the purpose of the liver in he body?
Produce bile and helps breakdown fats
Bile production- emulsify fats, storage, excretion
Metabolism- carbs to glycogen for glucose
Proteins- plasma membrane
Vitamin storage- A,E,D,K
Iron storage- blood holds oxygen
Phagocytic system- should not be there it eats it
Detoxification-ingest hormonal and long term effects
107
What does bile produce?
Excretion and stores it
Produces bile
108
What are the liver lobes?
Left lateral
Left medial
Quad rate lobe
Right medial
Right lateral caudate lobe
109
Ho does absorption work in the liver?
Bile and fat breakdown to store in gall bladder
110
What cells are in the phagocytic system?
Kupffer cells
111
How does the liver detox?
Anything that is ingested and hormones
112
What is the hepatic system?
Brings blood to and from the liver
113
How does metabolism aid in liver?
Carbs- glycogen
Protein- plasma proteins,prothrombin,albumin
Amino acids regulation
Urea produced- surplus amino acids
Fat- fatty acids/glycerol,phospholipids, cholesterol
114
What is the biliary system?
Has a cancel called Canaliculi that is between liver cells channels down into bile ducts and joins to make hepatic ducts, all lobes to make common bile duct.
115
Where is the bile duct?
In the liver
116
What is te hepatic duct?
Form together with every liver lobe
Common bile ducts
Cycstic duct to gall bladder
117
What does the biliary system excrete?
Bilirubin- hemoglobin breakdown
Excess cholesterol
Lectin
118
How is the biliary system controlled?
With hormones- choleocystokinin- gall bladder movement
Secretion- bicarbonate
Neural -parasympathetic
119
What aniamals dotn have a gall bladder?
Equine, rats, cane lids, birds
120
What is the function of the gall bladder?
Store bile in the liver-analiculi - pull water to concentrate bile
121
What is the importance of herbivore digestion?
Organic energy source- 50%cellulose- ATP utilize
Vertebrates- no cellulose
Microbes- cellulose to breakdown cellulose
Microbial populations secondary use of atp to fermentation- microbes breakdown cellulose
122
Fermentation
Enzymes where microbes live and feed on energy rich compounds -cellulose. Cellulose breakdown organice acids-alcohol-gases- carbon dioxide - elimated
Anaerobic oxygen
Aerobic no oxygen
123
Foregut
Ferment before stomach
Cows, ruminants,etc
All ingested material vitalized microbes for protein source
124
Hindgut
Ferment behind true stomach
Horses,etc
Undigested or unabsorbes to utilize for microbes that were lost
125
Ingestion of the hindgut process
Stomach to small intestine to cellulose to hindgut
126
What do microbes do?
Bacteria- lots
Protozoans-
Fungus-yeast
Complex ecosystem
127
Herbivore microbe population
Diet dependent
Environment
PH ranges 6-7 normal,high if low on carbs
Grain overload
High protein, no hindgut
Urea in ruminants
B vitamins
Mammals
128
Digestive capabilities
Cellulosic (cellulose)
Hemilolytic ( hemicellulose)
Amylolyic
Proteiolytic
Sugar utilize
Acid utilizing
Ammonia process acids
Vitamin synthesizers
Methane produces
129
Fermentation products
Volatile fatty acids,lipid atp source
Principle types
Acetic acid
Ratio variable -different
Lactic acid carbon dioxide methane
130
What is rumination?
When a animal regurgitates ,remastication, and redeglutition
131
What is the ingesta pathway
Mouth - esophagus- fore stomach- reticulum- rumen- omassum- abomassum
132
What does rumen do?
Ferment
Layered for specific gravity
Gases on top
Light food in the middle
Heavy food on the bottom
Grains soaked roughage
133
What is the omassum do?
True stomach or abomassum
134
What is the rumen motility function?
Mix ingesta, eruptions of gas, and propel ingesta
Contraction 1st- reticulum wave patten
2nd- various locations eruption, modified internal environment
135
Eructation
Gas produce- 30-50 l/hr
Sheep 5l/hr
136
Regurgitation
Reticulum contraction
Reverse peristalsis
Time involved, resting activity
137
What are the parts of the rumination in large animals?
Reticulum
Rumen
Omassum
Abomasum
138
Hindgut digestion
Monogastric fermenters- 1 stomach
Ingesta- stomach , small intestine, polygastric
Cellulose hindgut
Ruminants-VFA production
Microbial protein wasted
139
Gi system absorption
Movement of nutrients of water into the body.
Capillaries like blood and lymphatic to metabolize and excretion
140
Cardiac sphincter
Closes to prevent backup of food
141
Colon
Return fluid and electrolytes to body
142
Mesentery
Double layered of parietal peritomenum that suspends the gi tract in parietal cavity.
Carries blood vessels, lymphatic, and nerves to and from the digestive tract
143
What is the parietal peritoneum?
Thin membrane covering the abdominal cavity
144
What is prognathism?
Mandible protrudes further rostral than the maxilla
145
What is malocclusion?
Inherited or acquired
146
What is visceral peritoneum?
Thin membrane covering abdominal organs
147
What is Brachygnathism
Maxillary protrudes further than mandible
148
What is occlusion?
Wavy upper jaw and lower jaw teeth line up against each other
149
What is gastric emptying?
Contents like liquid are rapid, solids breakdown in 102 mm
Cyme composition rate in spurts
150
What is brachydont?
Short teeth consist of a crown encased in enamel,neck, and routs
Carnivores and pigs
151
What is the pathway of food in n out of the body in a dog?
Mouth-pharynx-esophagus-stomach-duodenum-Jejunum-ileum-colon-rectum-anus
152
What is the pathway of food in n out of the horse body?
Mouth-pharynx-esophagus- stomach-duodenum- Jejunum-ileum-cecum-colon-rectum-anus
153
What is the process of food in n out of a cow?
Mouth-pharynx-esophagus-stomach-duodenum-Jejunum-ileum- cecum-colon-rectum-anus
