Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
Pericardial sac
A
Multilayered sac surrounding the heart and protects the heart and does not stretch
Fluid between pericardium and epicardium lubricates as the heart extends and contracts
2
Q
Apex
A
Narrower, pointed carda ventral portion, tip
3
Q
Chambers
A
Separated by interventricular and inter radial septa
Right atrium- upper
Right ventricle-lower
Left atrium- upper
Left ventricle- lower
4
Q
Tachycardia
A
Fast heart rate normal rhythm
5
Q
Bradycardia
A
Slow heart rate
6
Q
Arythmia
A
Abnormality in the heart rate rhythm sines, arrhythmia
Normal mild variation in heart rate associated in maintaining route
7
Q
Electrocardiography ECG
A
Instrumento that follows electrical impulses as they travel through the heart
8
Q
Electrocardiogram
A
Record the ECG, electrode placement
9
Q
Echocardiography
A
Cardiac ultrasound
10
Q
Systole
A
Contractions
Outflow- open
Inflow- close
11
Q
Diastole
A
Ventricles relaxing and filling with blood
Outflow- close
Inflow open
12
Q
Detection of waves
A
P wave
QRS complex
T wave
13
Q
Myocardium
A
Middle and thickest layer of the heart
Bulk of the heart
14
Q
Base of the heart
A
Wide, cardiodorsal portion
15
Q
Pericardium
A
Parietal and visceral
16
Q
Myocardium
A
Cardiac muscle
17
Q
A
18
Q
Venules
A
Branches of small veins
19
Q
Arteries
A
Carry blood away from the heart
Aorta, pulmonary artery
20
Q
Automaticity
A
Initiate impulses
21
Q
Preload
A
Up or down filling
End diastolic pressure
22
Q
Fetal
A
Oxygenated -dam and placenta/ umbilical vein
Fetal lungs- bypassed
23
Q
Vessels/ veins
A
Flow toward the heart
Thin walls- 3 layers
+/- valves
1- way flow to prevent back up
24
Q
Arteries
A
Branches of small arteries
25
Capillaries
Single layer
Permeable
26
Heart blood vessels
Bring oxygen and nutrients necessary to fuel cellular metabolism
Carry away waste products of cellular metabolism
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs
27
Blood cells
Erythrocytes- erythropoietin
120 day life span ten replaced
Leukocytes- granulocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils
A granules- lymphocytes and monocytes
Thrombocytes
28
Veins
Carry blood back to the heart
Vena cava and pulmonary vein
29
Cardiac cycle
Systole- contraction
Diastole- relaxation
30
Q-T interval
Ventricular contraction and repolarization time
31
P wave
Atrial depolarization
32
Cardiac auscultation
S1- av valve closure, mitral and tricuspid”lub”
S2- semilunar closure, aortic and pulmonic “dup”
S3- rapid ventricular filling, LA Sa unusual
S4- atrial contraction LA, SA unusual
33
Cardiac blood pressure
Amount of force exerted by blood on walls of arteries
34
Epicardum
Lies directly on te heart as a clear membrane
More flexible
35
Heart valves
Maintain 1 way flow- passive
Right heart- tricuspid valve- RAV, inflow
Pulmonic- semilunar- outflow
Left heart- bicuspid , mitral, LAV - inflow
Aortic- semilunar - outflow
36
Mediastinum
Pleural cavity separation
2 hemithoraxes
37
Blood pressure
Essential for perfusion, systems measured; arterial, systolic, diastolic
Mean arterial pressure- MAP
2x diastolic/systolic/3
Central Venus pressure, pressure at right atrium
Pulmonary pressure in pulmonary artery
Portal pressure in hepatic portal system
38
P-R interval
Atrial depolarization time
39
Contraction
Depolarization result
40
Lead aVL
+ LA
Left left and right arm
41
Lead aVR
Right arm
Left arm and leg
42
T waves
Ventricular repolarization
43
Conduction evaluation
Electrical impulses- depolarization
Electrocardigragh- electrodes P+/_
Amplified and recorded
44
Ausculatation
1st sound- LUB- closed AV waves
2nd sound- Dub semilunar waves
3rd sound- ventricular contraction and emptiness
45
Lymph nodes
Mechanical filter- incomplete
Antigen processing, phagocytes and destruction, immune system
Commonly evaluated- submandibular, prescapular, inguinal popliteal
46
Atria
Receive blood from the body and lungs
Auricles
47
After load
Up/ down ejection
Aortic pressure
48
Ventricles
Blood to lungs/ body
Inter ventricular groove
49
Vessels
Arteries- flow away from heart
Thick walls- intima- endothelium
Media- smooth muscle
Adventitia
50
Endocardium
Epithelial tissue
Endothelium
51
S-T segment
Ventricular end depolarization to repolarization time
52
Myocardial infarction problems
Ischemia lasting long enough and/or is severe enough necrosis of myocardium
53
Conduction system
Velocity varies- coordination actions
Specialized cells- sinoartial node-RA, cranial vena cava
Inter node tracts- atroventricular node
Inter arterial septum- bundle of Hits
Contracts atrium and ventricles
Bundle branches right and left
Purkinje system
54
Lead 1
Left arm
Right arm
55
Lead 2
Right arm
Left leg
56
QRS complex
Ventricular repolarization
57
Epicardium
Thin membrane
Lining the inside surface of the chambers of the heart
58
Cat valves
Pulmonary- high left 4th
Aortic- high left 4th
Mitral- costochondral junction in left 6th
Tricuspid lower right 6th
59
Measurements
Time
Millivolts- ventral
Tracking speed- 50mm/sec, o.2 sec/box
Electrical amplitude - /mv= 1cm
0.1mv/box
60
Cardiac output
Triangle CO
Intropy
Up/dwn
Contraction force
Alters stroke volume
61
Pulmonary valve
Semilunar valve
Opens when right ventricle is contraction blood into the lungs for oxygen
62
Tonsils
Anatomy- oral cavity/ pharynx
63
Function of tonsils
First defense
64
Cardiac output 2
Co intropy
Contraction force alters stroke volume
65
Chronotropy
Rate alters heart rate
66
Preload
Falling end diastolic pressure
67
After load
Ejection
Aortic pressure
68
Coronary blood vessels
In the intraventricular groove
Branch out into the myocardium
Provide blood supply to the myocardial cells
69
Portal vascular system
Hepatic from GI, spleen.
2 capillary beds
70
Lymphatic system function
Excess fluid return
Lymph- similar to plasma, larger proteins, limited filtration
Foreign material, bacteria
Lymphocyte produce- immune system link
Fat digestion for transport
71
Systemic vascular system
Artierial
Venuous
72
Divisions
Blood
Heart
Vascular- systemic, pulmonic, portal, coronary
Lymphatic
73
Thymus
Thoracic inlet
Cranial to the heart
74
Thymus function
Production of t-lymphocytes
Cell-mediated immunity
75
Blood Hemostasis
1- platelet plugs
2- fibrin clot- 13 clotting factors, coagulation cascade
76
Disorders
Von willebrands
IMTP
MSAID
2 hemophilia
D/c vitamin K
77
Lead 2 interpretation
P wave- atrial depolarization
Baseline to top, width
‘QRS- ventricular depolarization
Baseline to top
Width
T wave
Ventricular depolarization
Baseline to bottom
Width
78
Lymphatic system components
Capillaries
Vessels
Ducts
Nodes
Tissues
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
79
Spleen
Abdomen, adjacent to stomach
80
Function of the spleen
Blood storage, recycle blood cells
Filter
Pymphocyte production
81
Digestive organs
Liver- stomach- spleen- kidney- small intestine- bladder- colon
82
Epicardium
Visceral pericardium
83
Pulmonary vascualr system
Alveoli gas exchange
84
P-Q segment
Time in AV node
85
Coronary vascular system
Coronary arteries after systole
86
Autonomic system
Override inherent
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
87
Pressure gradients
Systole +
Diastole -
88
Deoxygenated
Dam
Placenta. Umbilical arteries
89
Perfusion
Adequate flow, adequate pressure
Cardiac output
Heart rate SA node depolarization external influence
90
Cardiac output formula
CO= SV+ HR
Stroke volume / contraction
91
Capillaries
Small diameter, exchange oxygen and nutrients for oxygen and waste
92
Blood plasma
90% water
Dissolved gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide
Electrolytes
Proteins- albumin, immunoglobulins, clotting proteins, serum when absent
Nutrients and waste
93
Sinus rhythm
Normal electrical activity of the heart that originates from SA node, pace maker
94
Conductivity
Impuse propagation
Cell- cell
95
Lead 3
Left leg
Left arm
96
Lead aVF
Left leg
Left arm and right arm
97
Shunts
Liver- ductus venous
Heart foramen ovale
98
Endothelium
Inner lining of arterial and veins
Thin and smooth membranes
99
Dog valves
Pulmonic- low left 3rd
Aortic- high left 4th
AV costochondral junction in the left
Mitral 5th
Triscupid lower right 3rd-4th
100
Left AV
Bicuspid valve
101
Loop system
Arteries- arteriales- capillaries- venules- veins
102
Heart
Thorax
Base
Inflow/outflow
103
Flow dynamics
Closed system no air
104
Ischemia problems
If any coronary arteria become closed, myocardium surfaces from decreased blood supply
105
Right ATV
Tricuspid
106
Chronotrpy
+/- rate
Alters heart rate
107
Left side heart cycle
Pulmonary vein from lungs- left atrium- mitral valve- left ventricles- aortic valve- aorta to body- systemic capillaries to vena cava
108
Right side if the heart cycle
Vena cava- right atrium- tricuspid valve- right ventricles- pulmonary valve- pulmonary artery- pulmonary capillaries- pulmonary veins from lungs
109
1 way flow
Vena cava- right atrium- tricuspid valves- right ventricles- pulmonic valve- pulmonary arteries- lungs- pulmonary veins- left atrium- mitral valve- left ventricle- aortic valve- aorta- arteries- arterioles- capillaries- venules- veins- vena cava
110
Function of the cardiovascular system
Maintain homeostasis- blood flow, heart, muscular pump, vessels,
Fluid balance- plasma, temperature, conducts heat, pH 7.35- 7.45
Body defense- immunity and Hemostasis 1 and 2
111
Aortic valve
Semilunar valve
Open when left ventricles and arteries forcing blood into the aorta
