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Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory- receive stimuli from outside
Analyze/integrate- impulse figure out what it is ad respond
Initiate response - motor - involuntary/ voluntary
Secretory- put out- digestive/ hormones

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2
Q

What are the two different parts of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system - brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system- nerves

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3
Q

Where are somatic nerves?

A

Body- cranial
Spinal- back

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4
Q

Where are automatic nerves?

A

Works on its own
Joint have to be voluntary to make it work

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5
Q

What are neuralgia cells?

A

Support cells or glue- holds everything together
Functional and structural
No transmission
Number of less neurons glial cells in nervous system about 10:1

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6
Q

What are neurons?

A

Receive impulses and transmit them
High oxygen requirements- have to have oxygen to work
No reproduction- die don’t come back

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7
Q

What are the neuroglia cells of the central nervous system?

A

Astrocytes
BBB
Oligondenrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

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8
Q

What are Astrocytes?

A

Majority of the cells are this
Regulation of ions
Neurotransmitter
Blood brain barrier- keeps blood way from brain

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9
Q

What are oligondendrocytes?

A

Myelin insulation- important( insulate neurons) faster insulation/ transmission

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10
Q

What are Microglia cells?

A

Phagocytic cells, something shouldn’t be there they eat it

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11
Q

What are Ependymal cells?

A

Epithelial lining- space has these and ventricles
Central canal creates CSF niching

CSF- secrete and circulate

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12
Q

What are the peripheral nervous system neuroglia cells?

A

Schwann cells
Satellite cells

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13
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

Myelination insulted on multiple cells to create long axon and enhance transmission speed in the node of Ranvier

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14
Q

What is the node of Ranvier?

A

Space between 2 Schwann cells

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15
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

Support ganglia neurons

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16
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Groups of nerve cell body outside the system

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17
Q

What is the structure of neurons ?

A

Body that has groups of nuclei for CNS that are inside the NS and glanglia for PNS outside the NS

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18
Q

What are axons?

A

Long thins nerv fiber that transmit electrical impulses from neuron to other neurons, muscles or glands

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19
Q

What are he groups axons belong to?

A

Tracts for CNS
Nerves forPNS
Conduct impulses away from nerve cell body

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20
Q

What are dendrites/

A

Receive impulses from other nerve cells and respondsible for information from environment or other cells

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21
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Junction point chemical messenger( neurotransmitter) released to move to next in line with an acetylcholin- muscle action and norepinephrine that alters permeability changes.
Sodium out and potassium in. Afferent arrives toward the CNS for sensory nerves and exits in efferent nerves away from CNS to motor muscle or glands to the action potential. Where nerve impulses send electrical energy that is charged and prolapses along the axon to the resting membrane potential that has to be a certain amount in and out of the cells for the sodium. Potassium pump to work and be polarized to 70mv and 30 sodium inside.

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22
Q

How dos depolarization work in the synapse?

A

Permeability changes sodium channel opens up and flows into the cell. Threshold is 55mv for gate to open and final charge + 30mv to be positive.
Refractory period stops sending impulses down the nerve until back to normal frequency

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23
Q

How does depolarization work?

A

Perability changes sodium slows down and potassium channel opens, sodium outside. Resting potential is -70mv sodium inside and potassium outside.
Restoration for sodium potassium pump

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24
Q

What is conduction velocity?

A

Depolarization down the nerve until it is altered by insulation.

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25
What is myelin sheath?
Wrapping around specific axons in the CNS;digondendrocytes- CNS and Schwann cells pNS wrapping. Node of ranvier forms gaps between cells for depolarization jumps and rapid transmission and saltatory conduction. Myelination species difference- foal walk when born Puppies and kittens can’t walk when born, junction points
26
Synapse
Junction between nerve, either axon or axon to muscle. Presynapse- presynaptic membrane- before synapse to the nerve where packets of neurotransmitters attach to membrane in synaptic vesicles that fuse with axon membrane that needs calcium to work. Synaptic cleft releases into space to neurotransmitters depends on where it goes with aid of enzymes to stop it. Post synaptic membrane has receptors that later the permeability to generate impulses for action potential for the neurotransmitter to excitatory to intialte depolarization and inhibit derision of depolarization to stop impulse to get to -70mv. Acetylcholine in adrenal glands inhibits to location to excite skeletal muscle to inhibit cardiac muscle for catecholmiers; norepinephrine, epinephrine,and dopamine to GABA and glycine to inhibit to continue action that was terminated from enzymes like acetylcholinesterase to reabsorb components
27
What is COMT?
Norepinephrine
28
Do enzymes reup take?
Yes MAO
29
Pharmacology
Drugs/toxins Neurotransmitters and enzymes
30
What is the function of sensory nerves?
Impulses to CNS- affrerent conscious perception in somatic sensory nerves Motor nerves- impulses to effector -efferent conscious action somatic motor Mixed nerves- motor and sensory
31
What are the two nerve classifications?
Visceral- sensory and motor, internal organs Somatic- sensory and motor muscle associated senses
32
What is the function of the brain?
Control and coordinate parts of the cerebrum and diencephalon
33
What are the parts of the brain?
Midbrain- mesencephalon, tracts and connections Hindbrain- cerebellum, pons, medulla
34
What does the cerebrum do?
Higher centers for learning and intelligence
35
What does the diencephalon do?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary
36
What is the cerebrum apart of?
Forebrain
37
What hará tenísticas are in the cerebrum?
90 percent neurons Surface structure- gurus- sulcus Deep structure - gray matter and white matter
38
What are the four lobes in the brain?
Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal
39
What is the purpose of the thalamus?
Covered by cerebrum with sensory relay center
40
What is the purpose of the hypothalamus?
Regulatory center that preserves endocrine functions, releasing hormones, inhibitory hormones , antidiuretic ,and oxytocin
41
What is the pituitary gland?
Master endocrine gland
42
What are the parts of the midbrain?
Corpora quadrigemina- rostral colliculi Caudal colliculi- hearing Cerebral peduncles- spinal cord tracts
43
What is in the cerebellum of the hindbrain?
Arbor vitae- tree Purkinje cells Control/ fine tune muscle and balance
44
What is in pons of the hindbrain?
Connective tracts Respiratory control
45
What is in the medulla of the hindbrain?
Respiratory control Blood pressure Cardiac input
46
What are the three parts of the brain protection?
Meninges- dura mater Pía mater Arachnoid mater Cerebral spinal fluid
47
What is the purpose of dura mater?
Fibrous tissue with CNS- attached PNS - space
48
What is in the arachnoid mater?
Collagen fibers Blood vessels CSF in subarachnoid.
49
What is in Pía mater?
Adhered to the brain
50
What is the cerebral spinal fluid?
Has lateral ventricles with Ependymal cells that continuos flow. Cushing’s with a regulatory contribution in autonomic functions composition of pH
51
What is the ventricular system?
Lateral ventricles in the choroid plexus with epidermal cells and cerebral spinal fluid Foramen of monro Third ventricle Cerebral ventricle Fourth ventricle- foramen of lushka- subarachnoid space Central canal
52
True or false the blood brain barrier is selectively permeable with a metabolic need?
True
53
What is the function of the blood brain barrier?
Protect from foreign substances, neurotransmitters, and hormones
54
What is the characteristics of the blood brain barrier?
Endothelial cells- tight junctions for lipid soluble Neuroglia cells- surround vessels for ion transport Disruption in hypertension, development, concentration, microwaves, radiation, infection, trauma, ischemia, inflammatory, and pressure
55
What are the parts of the spinal cord?
White matter- axon tracts Gray matter- neuron bodies, Gray H Intumescence- thoracic and lumbar Peripheral nerves- dorsal root, sensory and ganglion. Ventral root for motor
56
What are the cranial nerves?
12 peripheral nerves for brain origin
57
What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?
Sensory Motor Mixed Somatic and autonomic
58
What is cranial nerve number one?
Olfactory- smell something
59
What is cranial nerve number 2?
Optic, vision Throw cotton ball, obstacles behind them
60
What is cranial nerve number 3?
Ocularmotor, eye movement, dropping Papillary response Shine light in other eye see if it contracts or not
61
What is cranial nerve number 4?
Trochlear Dorsal oblique ,outward rotation, move head around
62
What is cranial nerve number 5?
Trigeminal -twins Sensory and motor Mastication, eye blinks, fully decay
63
What is cranial I nerve number 6?
Abducens Eye movement, lateral rectus, retractor of eye , back of eye ball, eye ball into back of head
64
What is cranial nerve number 7?
Facial, motor to face No blink sensation- move vesicles Taste
65
What is cranial nerve number 8?
Vestibulocochlear Hearing , balance
66
What is cranial nerve number 9?
Glossophartngeal Motor- pharyngeal Sensory- pharyngeal
67
What is cranial nerve number 10?
Vagus nerve Motor and sensory Parasympathetic- autonomic
68
What is cranial nerve number 11?
Accessory Motor- muscles ear hear it
69
What is cranial nerve number 12?
Hypoglossal Motor Tongue- not work
70
What are the monemclature numbering of the spinal nerves?
C1-8 T13 L7 S3 Cy7
71
Thoracic intumenscence
Phrenic C 5-6
72
Subscapular
C6-7
73
Suprascapular
C6-7
74
Axillary
C7-8
75
Musculocuntaneous
C7-8
76
Radial
C7-T2
77
Median
C8-T2
78
Ulnar
C8-T2
79
Lumbar intumescence
Sciatic- tonal and fibularL 6-7 Femoral- L4-5 Obturator- L4-5
80
Are reflexes an involuntary response that is fixed in normal not protective, has CNS perception with somatic and autonomic traits?
No it is involuntary and is protective with no CNS perception and has somatic and autonomic traits
81
What is a reflex arc?
A receptor accepts the stimulus to CNS that interneuron is not always present, exits to efferent where the impulse to effector received the response
82
What are the types of reflexes?
Monosynaptic- stretches Polysynaptic- many withdrawals
83
What is palpebral?
Blink
84
What is corneal?
Blink
85
What is oropharyngeal?
Mouth closes
86
What is laryngeal?
Larynx closes
87
What is pinna?
Ear twitch
88
What is pedal?
Withdrawal
89
What is patella?
Leg extends
90
What is flexión?
Tarsal flexión where tarsus flexes and digits extend with an elbow extension, tarsal extension, panniculus skin twitch Anal- wink Crossed extensor - opposite limb
91
What does it mean to do a proprioception exam on a dog?
It’s a spatial relationship where it tests the position of limbs and motion recognition to locate limbs if you flip paw over they should adjust it.
92
What are the levels of consciousness?
A= alert, oriented V= depressed, respond to voices and vision P= responds to pain only U= unresponsive
93
Why do you test pupil size and response?
Important to check eyes first CNS signs- bilateral miotic, bilateral mydriatic, asymmetry
94
What is the motor function of CNS?
Voluntary and reflex
95
What is the posture of the CNS?
Ambulatory- paresis and ataxia Extensors- vestibular Respiration- pattern changes Vision- light response menace
96
What are the involuntary functions of the autonomic nervous system?
Preservation Divisions Sympathetic - fight/flight Parasympathetic- rest / digest
97
What is the anatomy of the autonomic nervous system?
Nerve cells- CNS PNS-GANGLION 2 neuron system- preganglionic- sympathetic- short Parasympathetic- long Postganglionic- sympathetic- long Parasympathetic- short
98
What is the anatomy of the sympathetic neurons?
Thoracolumbar sympathetic chain
99
What are the parts of the parasympathetic neurons?
Brain and sacral
100
Adrenergic Catecholamines
Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine
101
Cholinergic
Acetylcholine
102
Sympathetic
Perganglionico acetlycholine Postganglionic- norepinephrine
103
Parasympathetic
Preganglionic- acetylcholine Postganglionic- acetylcholine
104
Fight or flight sympathetic functions
Ronchiolar dilation cardiovascular HR/ contraction Vasodilation- muscular Vasodilation- visceral and cutaneous Gi activity- pupillary dilation Sweating
105
Parasympathetic functions Rest/digest
Bronchiolar dilation HR/ contraction Gi activity -saliva secretion, peristalsis Ocular effects- pupillary constriction, ciliary muscle contraction, lens focus
106
Mixed nerves
Motor and sensory
107
Intumenscence
Swollen area in bone
108
Intercostal
Between ribs Costal aspect
109
Nerve impulse
Electrical charge altered and propasarse along axon
110
Refraction period
Not another impulse down nerve until back to normal can’t depolarize
111
Motor nerves
Impulses to effector effector Conscious action Somatic motor

Anatomy (8 decks)

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