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Cells And Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cellular basics of cell?

A

A fundamental unit with dynamic structure to maintain internal environment, convert food to energy, grow,develop, reproduce, adapt, and respond to stimuli.

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2
Q

What is the multicellular organism?

A

Cells-tissues-organs-organ system- organism

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3
Q

What are the major components of a cell?

A

Plasma
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

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4
Q

What is the plasma membrane of a cell? Describe it to me.

A

Has. Phospholipid bilayer that has selective permeability. Active transport that requires energy (ATP).
Passive transport dos need energy to get certain things inside the cell.
Pores used for diffusion across bilayer of the cell and facilitated diffusion which needs help to get products in the cell.
Protein molecules, carbohydrates and cholesterol are also in the cell and are essential for cell health

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5
Q

What does the nucleus of a cell do and have?

A

Nucleus id the control center of the cell and is the largest organelle that has many nucleui. Can also be a nuclear which mean a cell doesn’t have a nucleus. Skeletal muscle cells. Chromosomes, deoxyribonucleic acid that has hereditary information in it for protein synthesis, instructions

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6
Q

Where is the nucleolus?

A

Inside the nucleus that produces ribosomes and has cytoplasm.

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7
Q

What is cytosine/

A

Current name for material in the cell. Collotdal jelly. Has proteins that are electrolytes

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8
Q

What is the cytoskeleton

A

A cytoskeleton is a network of a protein filament within a cell that provides structural support, enables movement, and facilitates the organization of organelles.

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9
Q

What is the centrosome of a cell?

A

Inside of a cell that has protein fibers, actin filaments which are microtubules. Intermediate filaments.

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10
Q

What is the purpose of centrioles?

A

End or separates the cell in mitosis and meiosis

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11
Q

What is the cytoplasm of a cell?

A

Organelles that make up a small organelle. Has mitochondria ir ATP. Higher the activity the higher the mitochondria

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12
Q

What is ribosomes?

A

Make up protein assembly

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13
Q

What are organelles?

A

They are the endoplasmic reticulum that alters proteins. Has both smooth and rough reticulum.

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14
Q

What is smooth reticulum?

A

Where synthesis and storage of lipids and steroids are

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15
Q

What is rough reticulum?

A

Where ribosomes hold the initial protein modification

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16
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modifying proteins

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17
Q

What is the purpose of lysosomes?

A

They are little structures in the celll that have digestive enzymes with organelles and proteosomes

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18
Q

What are proteosomes?

A

Individual protein breakdown to produce more proteins

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19
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Detoxification, metabolic reactions with vaults to molecular transport

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20
Q

What is a system?

A

Collection of organs and tissues related to by function

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21
Q

What are organs?

A

Collection of tissues,structure formation, and specific response

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22
Q

What is cell life cycle?

A

Interphase-G1- intense growth and metabolism
S- DNA replication
G2- enzyme/ proteins replication

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23
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

A body cell
Divided in mitosis- binary fission
Diploid

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24
Q

What is a germ cell?

A

Has gametes (zygote) sex cells divided in meiosis
Haploid

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25
What does it mean for a cell to either be haploid or diploid?
Haploid is 1 or 1/2 Diploid is 2
26
What happens in cellular division in mitosis?
Division of the diploid cell happens in binary fission with phases: prophase. Metaphase,anaphase,telophase, and cytokinesis
27
What happens in the cell with prophase?
DNA replicates
28
What happens in the cell with metaphase?
Chromosomes line up in the middle
29
What happens in the cell with anaphase?
Chromosomes divide by fibers pulling to opposite sides of
30
What happens in the cell with telophase?
Cell divides Cytokinesis- cytoplasm divides inside the cell divides
31
What is meiosis?
Has 4 daughter cells Males are all active Females only 1 is active 3 polar bodies No chromosomes duplication
32
How many phases are in mitosis?
4
33
How many phases in meiosis
8 Prophase 2- crossing over Metaphase 2 chromosomes line up Anaphase 2- chromosomes divide Telophase 2 cells divide, meiosis division
34
What are tissues?
Collection of cells that have the same function, products, and response
35
Wha are the components if tissues?
Have to have cells and intracellular material in between cells
36
What is fluid in cells?
Specialized channels
37
What are four primary tissue types?
Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous
38
Where is epithelial tissue located?
Skin, blood vessel lining, internal and external surfaces Lines cavities and tubes
39
What is function of epithelial tissue?
Protection, filters, secretion, and absorption
40
41
Where on the body is epithelial tissue located?
Lungs Ears Nose Blood cells Heart Stomach Meant to protect inside of the body
42
What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?
It is polar meaning unequal or different Apical - face and body Basal- everything but the surface
43
What is a junctional complex?
Epithelial cells that have lateral surfaces cemented to neighboring cells Stays alive by nutrients Below blood cell
44
What is an adjacent cell?
Avascular that relays on underlying connective tissue for nutrients mostly sensory- in epithelial tissue
45
What are the layers of epithelial tissue or skin?
How many of epithelial cell layers Simple-1 Stratified - many layers
46
What are the shapes of epithelium?
Squamous- flat Cubodial- cube Columnar- columns Transitional - change into any shape
47
Keratinized vs non-keratinized
Keratinized is full of proteins structure that is keratin filled. Structural proteins, water impervious, resilient a and strong, and dead skin Non-Keratinized is like mouth lining or mucous membranes that line the surface of cells. Water pevious and cilitated. In a luminal motion
48
What dos it mean to have cilitated tissue?
Tiny hairs in/on the cell that is either apical on the surface or basal in motion where they move through
49
What are microvilli?
A boarder of really tiny hairs on the digestive tract and absorbs. Also has an increased surface area
50
What is simple cubodial tissue?
1 layer of cubed shaped cells that has glands, ducts, lining secretion, and absorbs Endocrine- enter, hormones secretion into blood stream Exocrine- exit discharge secretions
51
What is simple squamous tissue?
1 layer of flat cells Lines vessels and is permeable
52
What is simple columnar tissue?
1 layer of columnar cells that line the GI from stomach to rectum Absorbs and secretes
53
What is cilitated columnar tissue?
Hair like projections that are motile and remove debris Lines the respiratory system and fallopian tubes
54
What is stratified columnar tissue?
Many layers of column cells Lines the respiratory,GI, reproductive system along excretory ducts
55
What is stratified squamous tissue?
Many layers of square cells on the skins surface Keratinized outside surface-hair,nails, and outer layer of skin Mucous membranes- no keratin
56
What is stratified cubdodial tissue?
2 layers of sweet glands, mammoth glands, and salivary glands Protect delicate tissues
57
Where is transitional epithelium located?
Lines the urinary tract
58
What are the components of connective tissue?
Cells that have an extracellular matrix on the outside of cells (mesoderm) and extracellular fibers. Ground substance that material cells produce, but surrounds the cells
59
What is the purpose of connective tissue?
Support- 1st Maintain position- specific animals Transport system- moves from point A to point B
60
What are the types of connective tissue?
Bone Cartilage Adipose Recular Fibrous Areolar Blood
61
What are the four cells of bone?
Osteocytes Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteoid
62
What is an osteocyte?
Bone cells that surround completely by ground substance ad is connected
63
What is an osteoclast?
Breaks down and removes bone Extracellular matrix Remodels bone
64
What is an osteoblast?
Produces bone in the matrix
65
What is an osteoid?
Resembles bone, appearance or structure
66
What are in collagen fibers?
Osteonectin protein- calcium salts
67
What are the types of collagen fibers?
Compacted- outside bone part that surrounds inside bone Cancellous- found inside the bone
68
Are colleges fibers thick or thin?
Thin
69
What is hylaine cartilage?
Cartilage that is between two bones or joints
70
What is elastic cartilage?
Cartilage that is able to go back to its orginal state. For example if I were to bend my ear down and let go it goes back up and stays its shape
71
What is fibrocartilage?
Makes up discs of vertebrae of spine. Intervertebral discs
72
What is the name of cartilage cells?
Chondrocytes they surround the cells
73
Why is extracellular matrix important?
Depends on the cartilage type Collagen- strength Elastic- stretches Glycosaminoglycans Amorphous- no form Chondronectin No blood supply
74
Where is perichondrium?
Surrounds cartilage
75
What is fibrous connective tissue types?
Dense regular- lines up- tendons/ligaments Dense irregular- organized- dermis- capsules
76
Wha are the cells of fibrocartilage?
Fibroblasts- produce fibers and ground substance Extracellular matrix has collagen fibers with dense arrangement that is either parallel, irregular , and has elastic fibers
77
What is areolar connective tissue?
Loose connective and whisky tissue that connects 1 side to the side
78
What is in areolar tissue?
Fibroblasts Extracellular matrix Fibers;collagen,elastic,reticular Ground substance- body fluids Hyaluronic acid
79
What is adipose connective tissue?
Fat Similar to areolar
80
What items are in adipose tissue?
Adipocytes- produce fat Fibroblasts Extracellular matrix Fibers;collagen, elastic, and reticular Ground substance- little extracellular matrix material
81
What is reticular connective tissue?
Resembles areolar In kidneys,liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
82
What cells are in reticular tissue?
Reticular fibers Extracellular matrix Ground substance Stroma - holds things together Parenchymatous organs
83
What is blood connective tissue?
Transports nutrients and oxygen to tissues primarily From tissues- carbon dioxide and waste
84
What blood cells are in the tissues?
Erythrocytes Leukocytes- platelets Extracellular matrix Plasma Protein molecule fibers Hematopoietic- blood cell formation
85
Wha is muscle tissue’s functions?
Motion from muscles, external or internal
86
What are the three main type of muscle tissue?
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
87
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?
Has a voluntary control that takes impulses from the muscles to tell it to do something Very long cells Multinucleated cells Mitochondria Striated- stripes when looking under a microscope Actin/myosin line up
88
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?
Involuntary- doesn’t need any impulse to function does it on its own with a pacemaker/ conducting Striated- actin/myosin line up
89
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?
Involuntary control- automatically does it on its own Spindle shaped cells Non-striated-actin/myosin don’t line up Located in the bladder, intestines, Gi tract, heart , and arteries
90
What is the purpose of nervous tissue?
Control is the primary function Communication Impulse generation Impulse transmission
91
Where is nervous tissue located/
Central nervous system- brain spinal cord Peripheral nervous system- nerves off brain/ spinal cord
92
What is the central nervous system?
Central nervous system is the brain and spinal cord that have neurons which are the longest cells. Hav grey bodies of matter called dendries tha receive impulses. Axons which is the white part of the cerebellum or tree that is a long fiber that transmits impulses Supports glial or glue. Astrocytes Oligondendrocytes Microglia Ependymal
93
What is in the peripheral nervous system?
Neurons and bodies of ganglia next to spine- ventralolateral Dendrytes- receive impulses Axons- long nerves Schwann cells- support cells and insulate nerves as it goes to body 1st insulated nerves Satellite cells- help other cells stay healthy
94
What is a Haversian canal?
Connects this bone to its bone to this cell over here

Anatomy (8 decks)

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