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biol2480 > skeletal system > Flashcards

skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 components of the skeletal system

A
  • bones
  • cartilage
  • ligaments
  • other connective tissues
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2
Q

what are the 2 types of bones

A
  • compact

- spongy

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3
Q

what is compact bone also known as

A
  • dense or cortical bone
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4
Q

what type of bone makes up approximately 80% of total bone mass

A

compact bone

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5
Q

what type of bone makes up approximately 20% of total bone mass

A

spongy bone

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6
Q

where is spongy bone located

A

internal to compact bone

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7
Q

what is cartilage

A

semirigid connective tissue that is more flexible than bone

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8
Q

where can hyaline cartilage be located (4)

A
  • costal cartilage (attaches ribs to sternum)
  • articular cartilage (covers ends of some bones)
  • epiphyseal plates (within growth plates)
  • model during development for fetal skeleton formation
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9
Q

where can fibrocartilage be located (3)

A
  • intervertebral discs
  • pubic symphysis (cartilage between nomes of the pelvis)
  • menisci (cartilage pads of knee joints)
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10
Q

what are ligaments

A

dense regular tissue connecting bone to bone

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11
Q

what are tendons

A

dense regular tissue connecting muscle to bone

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12
Q

what are the functions of bones (4)

A
  • support and protection
  • levers for movement
  • hemopoiesis
  • storage of mineral and energy reserves
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13
Q

how do bones provide structural support internally

A

they protect delicate tissue and organs from injury and trauma

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14
Q

how do bones act as levers for movement (2)

A
  • they act as attachment sites for skeletal muscles, soft tissues and some organs
  • attached muscles contract and exert a pull, altering the direction and magnitude of forces by skeletal muscles
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15
Q

where does hemopoiesis occur

A

in red bone marrow connective tissue

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16
Q

what minerals do bone store

A

calcium and phosphate

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17
Q

what does calcium do (body functions) (3)

A
  • muscle contraction
  • blood clotting
  • release of neurotransmitter from nerve cells
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18
Q

what is the significance of phosphate in the body

A

important component of plasma membrane

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19
Q

what does the body do when it needs calcium or phosphate

A

some bone connective tissue is broken down

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20
Q

what are the 4 classes of bone

A
  • long
  • short
  • flat
  • irregular
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21
Q

what is elongated in long bones

A

cylindrical shaft (diaphysis)

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22
Q

describe long bones

A

greater in length than width

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23
Q

what is a specific type of seed-shaped short bones

A

sesamoid bones

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24
Q

describe short bones

A

length nearly equal to their width

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25
Q

what do flat bones provide

A

extensive surface areas for muscle attachment and protect underlying soft tissue

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26
Q

describe flat bones

A

flat, thin surfaces that may be slightly curved

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27
Q

describe irregular bones

A

complex shapes

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28
Q

what is the largest sesamoid bone

A

patella (kneecap)

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29
Q

what is the most common bone shape

A

long bone

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30
Q

what is the purpose of the diaphysis

A

provides for leverage and major weight support

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31
Q

what is the hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis called (long)

A

medullary cavity

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32
Q

what happens to the contents of the medullary cavity as a person ages (long)

A

in children, the cavity contains red bone marrow, it’s replaced by yellow bone marrow in adults

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33
Q

what is the expanded, knobby end of the bone called (long)

A

epiphysis

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34
Q

what are the 2 types of epiphyses

A
  • proximal epiphysis

- distal epiphysis

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35
Q

what does the spongy bone in the epiphysis do

A

resists stress that is applied from many directions

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36
Q

what covers the joint surface

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage

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37
Q

what does the articular cartilage do

A

helps reduce friction and absorb shock in moveable joints

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38
Q

what is the region between the diaphysis and the epiphysis (long)

A

metaphysis

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39
Q

what is the epiphyseal plate made of (long)

A

a thin layer of hyaline cartilage

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40
Q

what is the function of the epiphyseal plate (long)

A

provides for the continued lengthwise growth of the bone

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41
Q

what is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate in adults (long)

A

epiphyseal line

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42
Q

what surfaces does the periosteum cover

A

the outer surface of the bone except articular cartilage

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43
Q

what are the 2 layers of the periosteum

A
  • outer fibrous layer of dense regular tissue

- inner cellular layer

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44
Q

what does the outer fibrous layer of the periosteum do (3)

A
  • protects the bone from surrounding structures
  • anchors blood vessels and nerves to the surface of the bone
  • serves as an attachment site for ligaments and tendons
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45
Q

what does the inner cellular layer of the periosteum include (3)

A
  • osteoprogenitor cells
  • osteoblasts
  • osteoclasts
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46
Q

what anchors the periosteum to the bone

A

perforating fibers, collagen fibers, which run perpendicular to the diaphysis (long)

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47
Q

what types of bone do not have a medullary cavity (3)

A
  • short
  • flat
  • irregular
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48
Q

what is the external surfaces of the bone composed of (short, flat and irregular)

A

compact bone

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49
Q

what is the internal surfaces of the bone composed of (short, flat and irregular)

A

entirely of spongy bone

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50
Q

what is the spongy bone in the flat bone of the skull called

A

diploë

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51
Q

are bones avascular

A

nope, they’re highly vascularized

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52
Q

what is the small opening in the bone called which contains the nutrients artery and vein

A

nutrient foramen

53
Q

how many arteries enters the bone

A

1

54
Q

how many veins enters the bone

A

1

55
Q

what are the nerves in the bone mainly

A

sensory nerves which signal injuries to the skeleton

56
Q

what is bone marrow

A

soft connective tissue

57
Q

what are the 2 types of bone marrow

A
  • yellow

- red

58
Q

what is red bone marrow also known as

A

myeloid tissue

59
Q

what does red bone marrow contain (3)

A
  • reticular connective tissue
  • developing blood cells
  • adipocytes
60
Q

where is red bone marrow located in children (2)

A
  • spongy bone of most bones

- the medullary cavity of long bones

61
Q

where does a change in bone marrow occur in adults (2)

A
  • medullary cavities of long bones

- inner core of most epiphyses

62
Q

how does the change in bone marrow occur (2)

A
  • progressive decrease in developing blood cells

- increase in adipocytes

63
Q

where do adults have red bone marrow (6)

A
  • flat bones of the skull
  • vertebrae
  • ribs
  • sternum
  • ossa coxae (hip bones)
  • proximal epiphyses of each humerus and femur
64
Q

what happens to the erythrocyte numbers in a person with severe anemia

A
  • insufficient oxygen reaching the cell triggers the conversion of yellow bone marrow into red bone marrow
  • this facilitates the production of additional erythrocytes
65
Q

what is the primary component of bone

A

bone connective tissue (osseus tissue)

66
Q

what are the 2 components of bone

A

cells and extracellular matrix

67
Q

what are the 4 types of cells in bone connective tissue

A
  • osteoprogenitor cells
  • osteoblasts
  • osteocytes
  • osteoclasts
68
Q

what are osteoprogenitor cells

A

stem cells derived from mesenchyme

69
Q

what happens when osteoprogenitor cells divide

A

they produce another stem cell along with a ‘committed cell’

70
Q

what does the ‘committed cell’ matures to become

A

osteoblast

71
Q

where are the stem cell products of osteoprogenitor cell division found

A

periosteum and endosteum

72
Q

how are osteoblasts positioned on bone surfaces

A

side by side

73
Q

what is the shape of active osteoblasts

A

cuboidal

74
Q

what organelles are in abundance in osteoblasts (2)

A
  • rough er

- golgi body

75
Q

what is the function of osteoblasts

A

synthesizing and secreting osteoid

76
Q

what is osteoid

A

the initial semisolid organic form of bone matrix

77
Q

what does osteoid do as a result of salt crystal depositon

A

calcifies

78
Q

what is the consequence of mineral deposition on osteoid

A

osteoblasts become entrapped within the matrix they produce, then they differentiate into osteocytes

79
Q

what are osteocytes

A

mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts that have lost their bone-forming ability

80
Q

what is maintained as osteoblasts become osteocytes

A

connections between osteocytes and original neighbouring osteoblasts

81
Q

what are the 2 functions of osteocytes

A
  • maintain the bone matrix

- detect mechanical stress on a bone

82
Q

what may be the result of the detection of mechanical stress on a bone (osteocytes)

A

deposition of new bone matrix at the surface

83
Q

how do osteoclasts appear

A

large, multinuclear, phagocytic

84
Q

where are osteoclasts derived from

A

fused bone marrow cells similar to those that produce monocytes

85
Q

what is the purpose of the ruffled border of osteoclasts

A

to increase their surface area exposure to the bone

86
Q

where is an osteoclast located

A

in resorption lacuna

87
Q

what is a resorption lacuna

A

depression or pit on the bone surface

88
Q

what is the organic component of bone connective tissue

A

osteoid

89
Q

what is osteoid composed of

A
  • collagen
  • semisolid ground substance of proteoglycans
  • glycoproteins
90
Q

what is the inorganic components of the bone matrix

A

salt crystals (primarily calcium phosphate)

91
Q

what do the organic components of bone matrix give to the bone

A
  • tensile strength
  • overall flexibility

through resisting stretching and twisting

92
Q

how are hydroxyapatite crystals formed

A

calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide interaction

93
Q

what do hydroxyapatite crystals do during calcification

A

incorporate other salts and ions such as sodium, magnesium, sulfate and fluoride

94
Q

where do hydroxyapatite crystals deposit

A

around the long axis of collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix

95
Q

what do hydroxyapatite crystals do to the bone’s matrix

A
  • harden the bone matrix

- accounts for the rigidity/ relative inflexibility of bone that provides its compressional strength

96
Q

what results in brittle bones

A

loss of protein/presence of abnormal protein

97
Q

what results in soft bones

A

insufficient calcium

98
Q

when does bone formation begin

A

when osteoblasts secrete osteoid

99
Q

what is another name of calcification

A

mineralization

100
Q

when is calcification initiated

A

when the concentration of calcium ions and phosphate ions reaches critical levels and precipitate out of solution, forming hydroxyapatite crystals

101
Q

what does bone formation require (4)

A
  • vitamin D
  • vitamin C
  • calcium
  • phosphate
102
Q

what happens when bones do not have hydroxyapatite crystals

A

the bone bends

103
Q

what happens when bones do not have collagen

A

the bone breaks

104
Q

describe bone resorption

A

bone matrix is destroyed by substances released from osteoclasts into the extracellular space adjacent to the bone

105
Q

where are proteolytic enzymes released from

A

lysosomes within the osteoclasts

106
Q

what is the role of the lysosomes in bone resorption

A
  • it releases proteolytic enzymes

- the enzymes chemically digest the organic components (collagen fibers and proteoglycans)

107
Q

what is the role of hydrochloric acid in bone resorption

A

it dissolves the mineral parts (calcium and phosphate) of the bone matrix

108
Q

what are osteons (2)

A
  • small, cylindrical figure

- basic functional and structural unit of mature compact bone

109
Q

how are osteons oriented

A

parallel to the diaphysis of long bones

110
Q

what are the 5 components of an osteon

A
  • the central (haversian) canal
  • concentric lamellae
  • osteocytes
  • lacunae
  • canaliculi
111
Q

what extends through the central canal

A
  • blood vessels
  • nerves
    that supply the bone
112
Q

what are concentric lamellae

A

rings of bone connective tissue

113
Q

what does each lamella contains

A

collagen fibers, with adjacent collagen fibers oriented at an angle that is 90 degrees different from the next/previous lamella

114
Q

what does the alternating pattern of collagen fiber direction gives to the bone

A

part of its strength and resilience

115
Q

what are lacunae

A

small spaces that each house an osteocyte

116
Q

what are canaliculi

A

tiny, interconnecting channels that extend from each lacuna, connect to other lacuna

117
Q

what do canaliculi house

A

osteocyte cytoplasmic projections

118
Q

what do osteocyte cytoplasmic projections permit

A

intercellular contact and communication of nutrients, minerals, gases and wastes

119
Q

what are some structures of compact bone that are not a part of osteon proper (3)

A
  • perforating canals
  • circumferential lamellae
  • interstitial lamellae
120
Q

what do perforating canals form

A

a channel for a vascular and innervation connection among osteons

121
Q

what are the 2 types of circumferential lamellae

A
  • external

- internal

122
Q

what are external circumferential lamellae

A

rings of bone immediately internal to the periosteum of the bone

123
Q

what are internal circumferential lamellae

A

rings of bone immediately external to the endosteum

124
Q

what are interstitial lamellae (2)

A
  • the components of compact bone between osteons

- leftover parts of osteons that have been partially resorbed

125
Q

what is the difference between spongy and compact bones

A

spongy bone contains no osteons

126
Q

what is the structure of spongy bone

A

open lattice of narrow rods and plates of bone (trabeculae)

127
Q

what fills in between the trabeculae

A

bone marrow

128
Q

what does the meshwork of small bone pieces, trabeculae, provide

A

great resistance to stresses applied in many directions by distributing the stress throughout the entire framework

biol2480 (15 decks)

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