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biol2480 > characteristics of connective tissue > Flashcards

characteristics of connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

3 components of connective tissue

A
  • cells
  • protein fibers
  • ground substance
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2
Q

what do the ground substance and the protein fibers form?

A

extracellular matrix

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3
Q

what causes the diversity in connectivity tissue (2)

A
  • different types and amounts of protein fibers

- varying proportions of the ground substance

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4
Q

what differentiates connective tissue to epithelial tissue? (2)

A
  • connective tissue aren’t in direct contact with each other
  • and are randomly scattered throughout the tissue
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5
Q

what are the functions of connective tissue? (3)

A

support, protect and bind organs

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6
Q

what are all connective tissue derived from?

A

an embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme)

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7
Q

what are the 2 classes of cells of connective tissue proper?

A
  • resident cells

- wandering cells

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8
Q

4 examples of resident cells

A
  • fibroblasts
  • adipocytes
  • mesenchymal
  • fixed macrophages
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9
Q

function of fibroblasts

A

produce the fibers and ground substance components of the extracellular matrix

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10
Q

what are the functions of resident cells (3)

A

help support, maintain and repair the extracellular matrix

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11
Q

description of adipocytes (3)

A
  • fat cells
  • appear in small clusters of connective tissue proper
  • if large clusters of them, the connective tissue is called adipose connective tissue
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12
Q

description of fibroblasts (2)

A
  • flat cells with tapered ends

- most abundant in connective tissue proper

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13
Q

function of mesenchymal

A

these cells will divide if the connective tissue becomes damaged

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14
Q

description of mesenchymal

A

type of embryonic stem cell within connective tissue

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15
Q

function of fixed macrophages (2)

A
  • they phagocytize damaged cells or pathogens
  • they release chemicals that will stimulate the immune system and attract numerous wandering cells to the tissue when they encounter foreign materials
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16
Q

function of wandering cells (2)

A
  • may help repair damaged extracellular matrix

- protect the body against harmful agents

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17
Q

what are wandering cells primarily types of?

A

leukocytes (white blood cells)

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18
Q

function of mast cells

A
  • secrete haparin and histamine
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19
Q

what does heparin do

A

inhibit blood clotting

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20
Q

what does histamine do (2)

A

dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow

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21
Q

description of fixed macrophages (3)

A
  • large, irregular shaped cells
  • derived from a type of white blood cell called monocyte
  • dispersed throughout the matrix
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22
Q

description of mast cells

A
  • small, mobile

- usually found close to blood vessels

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23
Q

when are plasma cells formed

A

when B lymphocytes are activated by exposure to foreign bodies

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24
Q

function of plasma cells

A

produce antibodies

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25
Q

what are antibodies

A

proteins which immobilize a foreign material and prevent it from causing further damage

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26
Q

description of free macrophages

A

mobile, phagocytic cells that wander through the connective tissue

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27
Q

function of free macrophages

A

function as fixed macrophages, but mobile

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28
Q

2 other leukacytes

A
  • neutrophils (phagocytizes bacteria)

- T-lymphocytes (attacks that materials)

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29
Q

4 examples of wandering cells

A
  • mast cells
  • plasma cells
  • free macrophages
  • other leukacytes
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30
Q

function of protein fibers

A

strengthen and support the tissue

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31
Q

3 basic types of protein fibers found in connective tissue

A
  • collagen fibers
  • reticular fibers
  • elastic fibers
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32
Q

description of collagen fibers (6)

A
  • unbranched, ‘cablelike’ long protein fibers
  • strong, flexible and resistant to stretching
  • comprises about 25% of the body’s protein
  • appears white in fresh tissue (called white fibers)
  • appear pink in tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin
  • numerous in tendons and ligaments
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33
Q

description of reticular fibers

A

abundant in the stroma (connective tissue framework) of organs such as the lymph nodes, spleen and liver

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34
Q

differences between collagen fibers and reticular fibers (2)

A
  • reticular fibers are much thinner, although they are similar to collagen fibers
  • they contain the same protein subunits found in collagen, but their subunits are combined in a different way
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35
Q

what protein do elastic fibers contain

A

elastin

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36
Q

description of elastic fibers (5)

A
  • fibers branch and rejoin, appear wavy
  • stretch and recoil easily
  • fresh fibers have a yellowish colour (called yellow fibers)
  • appear black when tissue sections are stained with special stains
  • abundant in skin, arteries and lungs which allows them to return to their normal shape after being stretched
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37
Q

what is ground substance

A

noncellular material produced by fibroblasts

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38
Q

where do connective tissue cells and protein fibers reside in

A

ground substance

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39
Q

what are the 3 consistencies of ground substance

A
  • viscous (blood)
  • semisolid (cartilage)
  • solid (bone)
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40
Q

what does the viscous nature of the extracellular matrix restrict?

A

the movement and spread of pathogens

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41
Q

what is GAG

A

glycosaminoglycans

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42
Q

what are 3 examples of GAGs

A
  • chondroitin sulfate
  • heparan sulfate
  • hyaluronic acid
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43
Q

what happens when GAG is linked to a protein

A

it forms a larger molecule, proteoglycan

44
Q

what is the composition of proteoglycans

A

> 90% carbs (GAGs)

45
Q

why do proteoglycans have a large structure

A

the large number of negative charges in GAGs repel each other, causing the molecule to spread

46
Q

function of proteoglycans in connective tissue

A

act as glue to bond connective tissue cells and fibers to the ground substance

47
Q

functions of connective tissue (6)

A
  • physical protection
  • support and structural framework
  • binding of structures
  • storage
  • transport
  • immune protection
48
Q

what are the 2 types of embryonic connective tissue

A
  • mesenchyme

- mucous

49
Q

what is mesenchyme connective tissue

A

the first type of connective tissue to emerge in the developing embryo

50
Q

what are the three connective tissue types

A
  • connective tissue proper
  • supporting connective tissue
  • fluid connective tissue
51
Q

what are the 3 types of loose connective tissue

A
  • areolar
  • adipose
  • reticular
52
Q

what are the 3 types of dense connective tissue

A
  • denser regular
  • dense irregular
  • elastic
53
Q

what are the 2 types of connective tissue proper

A
  • loose connective tissue

- dense connective tissue

54
Q

what are the 2 types of supporting connective tissue

A
  • cartilage

- bone

55
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage

A
  • hyaline
  • fibrocartilage
  • elastic
56
Q

what are the 2 types of bone

A
  • compact

- spongy

57
Q

what are the 2 types of fluid connective tissue

A
  • blood

- lymph

58
Q

what are the differences between loose and dense connective tissue

A
  • loose has fewer fibers and more ground substance

- dense has more fibers and less ground substance

59
Q

what is the predominant cell of areolar connective tissue

A

fibroblast

60
Q

where can areolar connective tissue be found (3)

A
  • in the skin (papillary layer of the dermis)
  • in the subcutaneous layer that is deep to the skin
  • surrounds organs, some individual nerve and muscle cells and blood vessels
61
Q

function of areolar connective tissue (2)

A
  • binds skin and some epithelia to deeper tissue

- protects and surrounds organs, some individual nerve and muscle cells and blood vessels

62
Q

functions of adipose connective tissue (4)

A
  • stores energy
  • insulates
  • cushions
  • protects
63
Q

locations of adipose connective tissue (2)

A
  • subcutaneous layer

- surrounds and covers some organs

64
Q

function of reticular connective tissue

A

provides stroma (supportive framework) to lymphatic organs

65
Q

locations of reticular connective tissue (3)

A
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • red bone marrow
66
Q

what are the 2 types of adipose connective tissue

A
  • white

- brown

67
Q

where is brown adipose connective tissue found?

A
  • in newborns
68
Q

why is dense connective tissue known as collagenous tissue

A

collagen fibers are the dominant fiber type

69
Q

what does dense regular connective tissue have few of

A

blood vessels, so it takes a long time to heal following an injury

70
Q

functions of dense regular tissue (3)

A
  • attach bone to bone (most ligaments)
  • attach muscle to bone (tendons)
  • resists stress applied in one direction
71
Q

location of dense regular tissue (2)

A
  • tendons

- ligaments

72
Q

function of dense irregular tissue

A

withstands stresses applied in all directions - durable

73
Q

location of dense irregular tissue (6)

A
  • most of dermis of skin
  • periosteum covering bone
  • perichondrium covering cartilage
  • epineurium (sheath covering nerves)
  • epimysium (sheath covering skeletal muscle)
  • some organ capsules (liver, kidneys and spleen)
74
Q

function of elastic connective tissue

A

allows for stretching and recoil

75
Q

location of elastic connective tissue (3)

A

walls of arteries (aorta), trachea and vocal chords

76
Q

what is elastic connective tissue composed of

A

numerous fibroblasts among densely packed elastic fibers

77
Q

what is dense irregular connective tissue containing

A

bundles and clumps of collagen fibers that extend in all directions and has an extensive blood supply between the collagen fibers

78
Q

what does dense regular connective tissue contain

A

few fibroblasts and limited ground substance, abundant collagen fibers packed tightly and aligned parallel to each other

79
Q

what does cartilage consist of

A

a firm, semisolid extracellular matrix that contains variable amounts if collagen and protein fibers

80
Q

what are mature cartilage cells called

A

chondrocytes

81
Q

what are the small spaces within the extracellular matrix called

A

lacunae

82
Q

is mature cartilage vascular

A

no its avascular

83
Q

how do chondrocytes exchange nutrients and waste products

A

by diffusion with blood vessels outside the cartilage

84
Q

what is the most common type of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

85
Q

what sort of appearance does hyaline cartilage have

A

clear, glassy

86
Q

how do chondrocytes and collagen appear in hyaline cartilage

A

irregularly scattered chondrocytes and collagen within the extracellular matrix not readily observed by light microscopy

87
Q

functions of hyaline cartilage (2)

A
  • provides support

- forms most of fetal skeleton

88
Q

locations of hyaline cartilage (6)

A
  • tip of nose
  • trachea
  • most of larynx
  • costal cartilage
  • both of the epiphyseal plates and articular ends of long bones
  • most of fetal skeleton
89
Q

functions of fibrocartilage (2)

A
  • resists compression

- acts as a shock absorber in some joints

90
Q

locations of fibrocartilage (3)

A
  • intervertebral discs
  • pubic symphysis
  • menisci of knee joints
91
Q

functions of elastic cartilage

A

maintains shape while permitting extensive flexibility

92
Q

locations of elastic cartilage (2)

A
  • external ear

- epiglottis of larynx

93
Q

what contributes to the durability of fibrocartilage

A

the densely interwoven collagen fibers

94
Q

what sort of cartilage is fibrocartilage

A

a weight-bearing cartilage

95
Q

what sort of cartilage is elastic cartilage

A

a flexible, springy cartilage

96
Q

what differentiates elastic cartilage and elastic connective tissue

A
  • elastic cartilage has a semisolid ground substance and contains chondrocytes
  • elastic connective tissue has a fluid ground substance formed by fibroblasts
97
Q

description of bone connective tissue

A

makes up most of bones and is more solid than cartilage and provides greater support and not as flexible

98
Q

what are the organic components of extracellular matrix of bone connective tissue

A

collagen and glycoproteins

99
Q

what are the inorganic components of the extracellular matrix of bone connective tissue

A

a mixture of calcium salts, primarily calcium phosphate

100
Q

what are bone cells called

A

osteocytes

101
Q

what are the two forms of bone tissue

A
  • compact bone

- spongy bone

102
Q

what are osteons

A

cylindrical structures which display concentric rings of bone connective tissue (lamellae)

103
Q

functions of bone (5)

A
  • provides levers for body movement
  • supports soft structures
  • protects organs
  • stores calcium and phosphorus
  • spongy bone contains hemopoietic tissue and is the site for hemopoiesis
104
Q

what is blood

A

a fluid connective tissue composed of formed elements (inc. cells, erythrocytes and leukocytes, cellular fragments (platelets))

105
Q

functions of blood (5)

A
  • erythrocytes transport respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
  • leukocytes help protect the body from infectious agents
  • platelets help with blood clotting
  • dissolved protein fibers coalesce and assist with blood clotting
  • plasma transport nutrients, wastes and hormones throughout the body
106
Q

location of blood

A
  • primarily within blood vessels and in the heart
107
Q

what is lymph derived from

A

blood plasma but it contains no cellular components or fragments

biol2480 (15 decks)

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