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biol2480 > articulations > Flashcards

articulations Flashcards

1
Q

what is another name for a joint

A

articulation

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2
Q

definition of an articulation (3)

A

place of contact between

  • bones
  • bone and cartilage
  • bones and teeth
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3
Q

how can joints be characterised (2)

A
  • structurally

- functionally

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4
Q

how is a joint characterised structurally (2)

A
  • whether a space occurs between articulating bones

- type of connective tissue binding the articulating surfaces

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5
Q

what are the 3 structural joint classifications

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
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6
Q

describe a fibrous joint (2)

A
  • no joint cavity

- ends of bones and bone parts are held together by dense regular (fibrous) tissue

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7
Q

describe a cartilaginous joint (2)

A
  • no joint cavity

- bones are joined by a pad of cartilage wedged between ends of bones

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8
Q

describe a synovial joint (4)

A
  • joint cavity, which contains synovial fluid, separates articulating surfaces
  • lined by a synovial membrane
  • articulating surfaces are enclosed within a connective tissue capsule (articular capsule)
  • bones are attached to each other by various ligaments
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9
Q

what are the 3 structural categories of fibrous joints

A
  • gomphosis
  • suture
  • syndesmosis
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10
Q

what are the 2 functional classifications of fibrous joints

A
  • synarthrosis

- amphiarthrosis

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11
Q

what are the 2 structural categories of cartilaginous joints

A
  • synchondrosis

- symphysis

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12
Q

what are the 2 functional classifications of cartilaginous joints

A
  • synarthrosis

- amphiarthrosis

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13
Q

what are the 6 structural categories of synovial joints

A
  • plane
  • hinge
  • pivot
  • condylar
  • saddle
  • ball-and-socket
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14
Q

what is the functional classification of synovial joints

A

diarthrosis

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15
Q

what are the 3 functional classifications

A
  • synarthrosis
  • amphiarthrosis
  • diarthrosis
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16
Q

describe a synarthrosis joint (3)

A
  • immobile
  • fibrous: gomphosis and sutures are synarthroses
  • cartilaginous: synchondroses are synarthroses
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17
Q

describe an ampiarthrosis joint (3)

A
  • slightly mobile
  • fibrous: syndesmoses are amphiarthroses
  • cartilaginous: symphyses are amphiarthroses
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18
Q

describe a diarthroses joint (2)

A
  • freely mobile

- all synovial joints are diarthroses

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19
Q

if a joint is highly mobile, is it also highly stable

A

no

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20
Q

describe gomphosis (2)

A
  • periodontal membranes hold a tooth to bony jaw

- synarthrosis

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21
Q

describe sutures (2)

A
  • connects skull bones

- synarthrosis

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22
Q

describe syndesmosis (2)

A
  • interosseous membranes (dense regular CT) between bones

- amphiarthrosis

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23
Q

what are the alveolar processes

A

sockets for each individual teeth

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24
Q

describe the appearance of sutures (3)

A
  • distinct
  • interlocking
  • irregular
    edges
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25
Q

what is the role of the sutures (2)

A
  • increase strength

- decrease fractures

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26
Q

how are synostoses formed

A

in an older adult, dense regular connective in the suture ossify, fusing skull bones together

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27
Q

what are articulating bones of syndesmoses joined by

A

long strands of dense regular connective tissue

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28
Q

where are syndesmosis found (2)

A
  • radius and ulna

- tibia and fibula

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29
Q

what are the shafts of the 2 articulating bones bound by in syndesmoses

A

broad, ligamentous sheet called the interosseous membrane

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30
Q

what does the interosseous membranes provide

A

pivot for which articulating bones can move relative to each other

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31
Q

describe synchondroses (2)

A
  • contains hyaline cartilage

- synarthroses

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32
Q

what do the epiphyseal plates of children form

A

synchondroses that bind the epiphyses and diaphysis of long bones

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33
Q

what happens when hyaline cartilage stops growing in epiphyseal plates

A

bone replaces the cartilage and synchondroses no longer exists

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34
Q

describe symphyses (2)

A
  • contains fibrocartilage

- amphithroses

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35
Q

when does the spheno-occipital synchondrosis fuse

A

between 18 and 25 years of age

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36
Q

what are 2 examples of synchondroses in the ribcage

A
  • costochondral joint; the joint between each bony rib and its respective costal cartilage
  • the attachment of the first rib to the sternum by costal cartilage
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37
Q

what does a symphysis has between the articulating bones

A

a pad of fibrocartilage

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38
Q

what does the fibrocartilage in a symphysis resist (2)

A
  • compression
  • tension stresses
    acting as a resilient shock absorber
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39
Q

examples of locations of symphyses (2)

A
  • pubic symphysis

- intervertebral joints

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40
Q

what are the 7 basic features of a synovial joint

A
  • an articular capsule
  • a joint cavity
  • synovial fluid
  • articular cartilage
  • ligaments
  • nerves
  • blood vessels
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41
Q

how many layers is the articular capsule

A

2

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42
Q

what are the names of the 2 layers of the articular capsule

A
  • fibrous layer (outer)

- synovial membrane (inner)

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43
Q

what is the outer fibrous layer of synovial joint made of

A

dense connective tissue

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44
Q

what does the outer fibrous layer of synovial joint do

A

strengthens the joint to prevent the bones from being pulled apart

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45
Q

what does the articular cartilage in synovial joints lack

A

a perichondrium

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46
Q

why is exercise vital to maintaining a healthy articular cartilage

A
  • mature cartilage, chondrocytes, is avascular so nutrients and removal of waste products is slower
  • repetitious compression and expansion in exercise enhances its nutrition obtaining and waste removal
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47
Q

what is a joint cavity

A

a space that permits separation of the articulating bones

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48
Q

what sort of substance is synovial fluid

A

viscous and oily

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49
Q

what two things produces synovial fluid

A
  • synovial membrane cells

- filtrate formed from blood plasma

50
Q

what are the 3 functions of synovial fluid

A
  • lubricates the articular cartilage
  • nourishes the articular cartilage’s chondrocytes
  • acts as a shock absorber
51
Q

how does synovial fluid nourish the chondrocytes of articular cartilage (2)

A
  • the small volume of synovial fluid must be circulated continually
  • whenever there is movement at the joint, the combined compression and re-expansion of articular cartilage circulates the fluid in and out of the cartilage matrix
52
Q

how does synovial fluid act as a shock absorber

A

it distributes stress and force evenly across articular surfaces when pressure in the joint suddenly increases

53
Q

what do ligaments do to synovial joints (3)

A
  • stabilize
  • strengthen
  • reinforce
54
Q

what are the 2 types of ligaments in synovial joints

A
  • intrinsic ligaments

- extrinsic ligaments

55
Q

what do intrinsic ligaments represent

A

thickenings of the articular capsule

56
Q

where are extrinsic ligaments located

A

outside of and physically separate from the joint capsule

57
Q

what do the sensory nerves do (2)

A
  • detect painful stimuli

- report on the amount of movement and stretch

58
Q

are tendons a part of the synovial joint itself

A

no

59
Q

how do tendons help stabilize a joint (3)

A
  • they pass across or around a joint to provide mechanical support
  • limit the range or amount of movement permitted by joint
60
Q

describe a bursa

A

a fibrous, saclike structure containing synovial fluid, lined internally by a synovial membrane

61
Q

how can bursae be connected (2)

A
  • connected to joint cavity

- completely separate from joint cavity

62
Q

what is a tendon sheath

A

an elongated bursa

63
Q

where are fat pads distributed in the synovial joint

A

along the periphery of the joint

64
Q

what are the 3 descriptions of synovial joints in respect to the movement of bone

A
  • uniaxial
  • biaxial
  • multiaxial/triaxial
65
Q

describe a uniaxial joint

A

the bone moves in just 1 place or axis

66
Q

describe a biaxial joint

A

the bone moves in 2 planes or axes

67
Q

describe a multiaxial/triaxial joint

A

the bone moves in multiple planes or axes

68
Q

list the 6 synovial joints from least mobile to most freely mobile

A
  • plane
  • hinge
  • pivot
  • condylar
  • saddle
  • ball-and-socket
69
Q

describe a plane joint’s movement

A

uniaxial

70
Q

describe a hinge joint’s movement

A

uniaxial

71
Q

describe a pivot joint’s movement

A

uniaxial

72
Q

describe a condylar joint’s movement

A

biaxial

73
Q

describe a saddle joint’s movement

A

biaxial

74
Q

describe a ball-and-socket joint’s movement

A

multi/triaxial

75
Q

what are the 4 motions of synovial joints

A
  • gliding motion
  • angular motion
  • rotational motion
  • special movement
76
Q

what is gliding motion

A

2 opposing articular surfaces slide past each other in any direction, the movement is slight

77
Q

what is angular motion

A

the angle between articulating bones increases or decreases

78
Q

what are the 7 types of angular motion

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • hyperextension
  • lateral flexion
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • circumduction
79
Q

describe a flexion

A

the angle between articulating bones decreases in an anterior-posterior (AP) plane

80
Q

describe an extension

A

the angle between articulating bones increases in an anterior-posterior (AP) plane

81
Q

describe a hyperextension

A

extension movement continues past 180 degrees

82
Q

describe a lateral flexion

A

the vertebral column moves (bends) in a lateral direction along a coronal plane

83
Q

describe an abduction

A

lateral movement of a body part away from the midline

84
Q

describe an adduction

A

lateral movement of a body part toward the midline

85
Q

describe circumduction

A

a continuous movement that combines flexion, abduction, extension and adduction in succession; the distal end of the limb or digit moves in a circle

86
Q

what are the 2 types of rotational motion

A
  • pronation

- supination

87
Q

what is rotational movement

A

a bone pivots around its own longitudinal axis

88
Q

describe pronation

A

rotation of the forearm where the palm is turned posteriorly or inferiorly

89
Q

describe supinatino

A

rotation of the forearm where the palm is turned anteriorly or superiorly

90
Q

what are special movements of the synovial joints

A

types of movement that do not fir into the previous categories

91
Q

what are the 9 types of special movements

A
  • depression
  • elevation
  • dorsiflexion
  • plantar flexion
  • eversion
  • inversion
  • protraction
  • retraction
  • opposition
92
Q

describe depression of a synovial joint

A

movement of a body part inferiorly

93
Q

describe elevation of a synovial joint

A

movement of a body part superiorly

94
Q

describe dorsiflexion of a synovial joint

A

ankle joint movement where the dorsum (superior surface) of the foot is brought toward the anterior surface of the leg

95
Q

describe plantar flexion

A

ankle joint movement where the sole of the foot is brought toward the posterior surface of the leg

96
Q

describe eversion

A

twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole laterally or outward

97
Q

describe inversion

A

twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole medially or inward

98
Q

describe protraction

A

anterior movement of a body part from anatomic position

99
Q

describe retraction

A

posterior movement of a body part from anatomic position

100
Q

describe opposition of the synovial joint

A

special movement of the thumb across the palm toward the fingers to permit grasping and holding of an object

101
Q

what is the opposing movement of flexion

A

extension

102
Q

what is the opposing movement of extension

A

flexion

103
Q

what is the opposing movement of hyperextension

A

flexion

104
Q

what is the opposing movement of lateral flexion

A

none

105
Q

what is the opposing movement of abduction

A

adduction

106
Q

what is the opposing movement of adduction

A

abduction

107
Q

what is the opposing movement of circumduction

A

none

108
Q

what is the opposing movement of pronation

A

supination

109
Q

what is the opposing movement of supination

A

pronation

110
Q

what is the opposing movement of depression

A

elevation

111
Q

what is the opposing movement of elevation

A

depression

112
Q

what is the opposing movement of dorsiflexion

A

plantar flexion

113
Q

what is the opposing movement of plantar flexion

A

dorsiflexion

114
Q

what is the opposing movement of eversion

A

inversion

115
Q

what is the opposing movement of inversion

A

eversion

116
Q

what is the opposing movement of protraction

A

retraction

117
Q

what is the opposing movement of retraction

A

protraction

118
Q

what is the opposing movement of opposition

A

reposition

119
Q

where does gliding occur

A

along plane joints such as between carpals or tarsals

120
Q

what are 4 examples of flexion occuring

A
  • bend fingers towards palm, making a fist
  • bend forearm towards arm at elbow
  • flexion at shoulder when arm is raised anteriorly
  • flexion at neck when head is bent anteriorly
121
Q

what are 2 examples of extension

A
  • straightening arm and forearm

- straightening fingers

biol2480 (15 decks)

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