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Year 11 - Human Biology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of Joints

A
  • Fibrous/fixed
  • Synovial/Freely movable
  • Cartilaginous/ Slightly moveable
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2
Q

Types of Synovial joints

A
  • Ball and socket
  • Saddle
  • Pivot
  • Gliding
  • Condyloid
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3
Q

Define Articulation

A

Site where 2 or more bones meet

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4
Q

Fundamental Functions of joints

A
  • Allow the skeleton to have mobility

- Hold skeleton together

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5
Q

Gliding Joint

A
  • Articular surfaces are essentially flat
  • Allow only slipping or gliding movements
  • Found between carpal bones, tarsal bones, the sternum and clavicle, the scapula and clavicle
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6
Q

Hinge Joint

A
  • Cylindrical projection of one bone fits into a trough-shaped bone on another
  • Motion is along a single plane, resembles action of a hinge
  • Uniaxial joint only permits flexion and extension
    Examples:
  • Knee
  • Elbows
  • Phalanges
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7
Q

Pivot Joint

A

Rounded end of one bone protrudes into “sleeve” or ring, composed of bone or ligaments of another bone
Examples:
- Between the radius and ulna
- Between first and second vertebrae

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8
Q

Condyloid Joint

A
  • Oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another
  • Both articular surfaces are oval
  • Biaxial joints permit all angular motions
    Examples:
  • Radius and carpal bones
  • First Phalange and metacarpals
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9
Q

Saddle Joint

A
  • Similar to condyloid joint but allow greater movement
  • Each articular surface has both a concave and a convex surface
    Examples:
    -Thumb
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10
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A
  • A spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with a cuplike socket of another
  • Universal movements (in all planes and axes, including rotation)
    Examples:
  • Shoulder blade
  • Humerus
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11
Q

Division of skeleton

A

axial skeleton - skull, spinal column, sacrum, ribs and sternum

Appendicular skeleton - clavicle, scapula, Humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, pelvis, femur, patella, fibular, tarsals, metatarsals

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12
Q

Microscopic bone structure

A
  • Compact/dense bone
  • Spongy bone
  • Epiphysis
  • Bone matrix
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13
Q

Compact bone

A

Hard outer shell - makes up diaphysis

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14
Q

Spongy bone

A

A mixture of small bone pieces and red bone marrow

  • Composed of trabeculae
  • Penetrated by blood vessels from the periosteum
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15
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Found in the centre of the diaphysis - stores fat

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16
Q

Epiphysis

A

Shaft of the bone epiphyseal line - site of growth

17
Q

Bone matrix

A
  • Non-cellular material that separates connective tissue

- Contains inorganic salts increasing strength and rigidity

18
Q

What are joints?

A
  • Any site at which 2 or more bones join together
  • May or may not permit movement
  • Classified according to structure and function
19
Q

Function of the skeleton

A
  • Shape and support body
  • Storage of minerals and fats
  • Permit flexible body movement
  • Protection of vital organs
  • Blood cell production
20
Q

Synovial structures

A
  • Fibrous capsule
  • Synovial membrane
  • Synovial fluid
  • Articular cartilage
  • Articular discs (menisci)
  • Bursae
  • Accessory ligaments
21
Q

Fibrous capsule

A
  • Consists of dense, fibrous connective tissue connected to the periosteum of the articulating bones - Flexibility allows movement
  • Strength stops dislocation
  • Structure that holds bones together
22
Q

Synovial membrane

A
  • Makes up the inner layer of the capsule
  • Loose connective tissue, well supplied with capillaries
  • Lines the entire joint; except articular cartilage and disc
23
Q

Synovial fluid

A
  • Lubricates and provides nourishment for cells
  • Reduces friction
  • Consists of phagocytes
  • Clears debris
  • Secreted by synovial membrane
24
Q

Articular cartilage

A
  • Covers the articulating surfaces of the bones forming the joint
  • Provides a smooth surface for movement
25
Q

Bursae

A
  • Sacks of synovial fluid

- Prevents friction between a bone and ligament, tendon or skin

26
Q

Accessory ligament

A

Holds bones together

27
Q

Joint movement

A

Adduction - away from the midline
Abduction - towards the midline
Extension - increasing the angle between articulating bones
Flexion - decreasing the angle between articulating bones
Rotation - Movement of bone along its long axis

28
Q

Articular discs (menisci)

A
  • Occurs in some synovial joints

- In the knee there is menisci consisting of fibrocartilage extending inward from the articular capsule

29
Q

Cartilage

A
  • Type of connective tissue
  • Contains collagen fibres (protein)
  • Collagen is embedded in chondrin, a protein-carbohydrate matrix
  • The fibres give flexibility, matrix provides strength
30
Q

Where can cartilage be found

A 
Between 2 bones 
Examples:
- Synthesis Pubis 
- Cartilage discs (vertebrae)
- Arms and legs (between long bone)
31
Q

Chondroblasts

A

Produce the matrix that makes up cartilage

32
Q

Chondrocytes

A
  • Mature cartilage

- Occurs when chondroblasts are trapped in small spaces called lacunae

33
Q

Types of cartilage

A
  • Hyaline
  • Elastic
  • Fibrocartilage
34
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A
  • Closely packed fine fibres
  • Strength and flexibility
  • Found in trachea and bronchi and articulated joints
35
Q

Elastic cartilage

A
  • Elastic fibres and fine collagenous fibres
  • Not as densely packed as hyaline cartilage
  • Found in external ear
36
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • Thick fibres and not densely packed
  • Compression possible
  • Found in intervertebral discs, knee joint and symphysis pubis
37
Q

Perichondrium

A
  • A fibrous membrane of connective tissue that covers cartilage
  • Blood supply to cartilage is found here
  • Nutrients and wastes must travel slowly by diffusion through the matrix as there are no blood vessels in the cartilage.

Year 11 - Human Biology (20 decks)

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