Skeletal System Flashcards
What is the only other harder natural substance than bone in the body?
Teeth enamel
The second hardest natural substance In the body
Bone
What is bone composed of?
Cells of collagen fibers embedded into the matrix
The cells that produce bone?
Osteoblasts
The process of hardening the matrix that make up bone?
Ossification
The functions of bones
Supporting the body, protecting the organs, movement of the body, storing minerals, formation of blood cells
Two TYPES of bones
Cancellous bone and compact bone
What is the difference between cancellous bone and compact bone?
Cancellous bone is spongy and light while compact bone is heavy and dense
What is the advantage of cancellous bones?
They keep your body lightweight but still maintain strength
Where is compact bone located?
In what’s of long bones and outside layers of bones
What is compact bone composed of?
Haversian systems (tightly compacted cylinders of bone)
What does the Haversian canal contain?
Blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
The membrane that covers the outer surfaces of bones.
Periosteum
The membrane that lines the hallow interior of surface bones.
Endosteum
What do osteoclasts do?
Eat away bone to remodel or remove bone (evil twin of osteoblasts)
How do bones get blood?
Passing through tiny channels in the bone matrix called Volkmanns canal
How do large blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves enter bones?
Through nutrient foramina channels
Two ways bones are formed.
Cartilage bone formation and membrane bone formation
Most bones develop by which formation style?
Cartilage bone formation (grows into and replaces a cartilage model)
Where is the primary growth center of cartilage bone formation?
Shaft of the cartilage rod
Where are secondary growth centers for cartilage bone formation?
Ends of the bone
Where does membrane bone formation take place?
In certain skull bones
Three things that are necessary for bone to fix itself?
Alignment, immobilization and time
Four basic shapes of bone
Long, short, flat and irregular
Where are most long bones found?
Limbs of the body
What are short bones shaped like?
Cubes
Examples of short bones found in the body?
Tarsel and carpel bones
Examples of flat bones found in the body?
Skull Shoulder blades, pelvic bones
How did irregular bones get their name?
They have more than one characteristics of short, long or flat or are irregular shaped
Where is bone marrow found?
Fills the spaces within the bone
What does red bone marrow do?
Forms blood cells
What is yellow bone marrow?
Fat
What is a hole in the bone called?
Foramen
What is a fossa?
A sunken area on the surface of bone
Two main groups of skeletal bones?
Bones of the head or trunk and bones of the limbs
What group of the skeletal bones are called the axial skeleton?
Head and trunk bones
Which group of skeletal bones are referred to as the appendicular skeleton?
Trunk bones
Some animals have a third group of skeletal bones called…
Visceral skeleton
The most complex part of the skeleton
Skull
Jagged, immovable, fibrous joints that unite the skull are called…
Sutures
Moveable joint (the jaw)
Synovial joint
Groups of skull bones
Cranium bones, ear bones, face bones
External bones of the cranium?
Occipital, inter parietal, parietal, temporal, frontal
Internal bones of the cranium?
Sphenoid, ethmoid bones
External bones of the face?
Incisive, nasal, maxillary, lacrimal bones, zygomatic, mandible
Internal bones of the face?
Palatine, pterygoid, vomer bones
Also called the breastbone
Sternum
What is the appendicular skeleton?
The limbs of the body
Oste/o
Refers to bone
Crani/o
Cranium of the skull
-Blast
Making of
What is diaphysis?
Shaft of a long bone (femur)
What is endosteum?
Inner membrane of a diaphysis bone
What is periosteum?
Membrane around the outside of a diaphysis bone
What is epiphysis?
The ends of a bone
What is a mature osteoblast called after the cell gets surrounded by matrix material?
Osteocytes
Where are periosteums NOT present?
In articular surfaces (joints)
Large channels where large blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves enter the bones
Nutrient foramina
Channels vessels pass through to get to the bone matrix?
Volkmanns channels
Nutrient canal that joins with Volkmanns channel to bring nutrients to osteocytes?
Haversian Canals
What is emdochomdral?
Cartilage
How does the emdochomdral formation of bones work?
(Like wire of a sculpture then the plaster of the sculpture) creation of cartilage that is replaced by bone
Where are cancellous bones found?
At the ends of long bones
Large, round, articular surfaces
Condyle
Flat articular surface
Facet
Round, “ball in socket” on ends of articular surfaces
Head
“Hole” nerves and vessels pass through into bone
Foramen
What is a protruberance?
Lumps and bumps of bones where muscles and tendons attach
What is an axial bone?
Parts of the body that cannot be removed and still live (skull, spine, ribs, tail)
What are appendicular bones?
Bones/limbs able to be removed and still live
How many bones make up the brain?
37-38
Upper jaw, mom-movable
Maxilla
What does normocephalic mean?
Normal skull shape, proportional to natural wolf style
What does brachycephalic mean?
Wide skull with shortened snout, pushing all natural wolf features into a small area
What does dolidhochephalic mean?
Elongated snout that is long and thin. Head is narrow and long. (Greyhound and collie)
What digit does a horse walk on?
Third (middle)
What digit does a cow walk on?
3 and 4
What does the frog of a horse hoof do?
Pushes on the ground to assist in blood flow up legs
Examples of synovial joints?
Knee, shoulder
Examples of fibrous joints
Skull joints, splint bones
Which joint is the most common place for injury?
Stifle joint
What are the three types of synovial joints?
Ball and socket, pivot and hinged
What do crucible ligaments in the stifle joint do?
Holds your femur from moving forward
What do the collateral ligaments in the stifle joint do?
Hold you femur from going sideways
What is the patella of a stifle joint?
Knee cap
What is the meniscus in the stifle joint?
Cushion between tibia and patella
Example of a ball and socket joint
Hip and shoulder
Examples of hinged joints
Elbow
Examples of pivot joints
Skull with vertebrae
Not a knee…
A stifle
