Sense Organs Flashcards
What are visceral senses?
Hunger and thirst
The only organ that does not follow the rule that stretching causes pain
Bladder
Where do visceral organs originate
In hollow internal organs
What are the general senses?
Visceral sensations, touch, temperature, pain, proprioception
Membranes that line and cover the contents of the thorax and abdomen
Pleura, peritoneum
Urination will be delayed if…
The animal contacts the voluntary sphincter muscle
Also known as the tactile sense
Touch
The sensation of something being in contact with the body
Touch
Associated with touch
Pressure
What is the overall goal of touch and pressure
To give the CNS a picture of what, where, and to what extent something is from the body
Monitors half the body’s temperature control
Temperature sense
Two categories of temperature receptors
Superficial and central
The temperature receptors that are located in the skin and detect upward or downward changes in skin temperature
Superficial
Temperature receptors that keep track of the interior body temperature by monitoring blood
Central
Where are central temperature receptors located?
Hypothalamus of the brain
Rectal temperature measures
Core temperature
Also called nociceptors
Pain receptors
The most common and widely distributed sensory receptors
Pain receptors
Pain receptors purpose
To protect the body from damage by alerting the central nervous system
Four steps of nociceptoion
Transduction, transmission, modulation, perception
The first step of pain that senses a nerve impulse at the nerve ending
Transduction
The second step of pain that sends the sense of pain at the nerve ending to the spinal cord
Transmission
The third step of pain that changes the sensor of pain to be worse or not as serious as it travels
Modulation
The final step of pain that reaches the brain to tell us about the pain
Perception
Where does superficial pain affect?
Skin and subcutaneous areas
Where does deep pain affect?
Muscles and joints
Where does visceral pain affect?
Internal organs
Where does acute pain affect?
Sharp and intense pain of any area
What is chromic pain?
Dull and aching
The sense of body position and movement
Proprioception
Why is proprioception important?
To interact with the environment and to stand upright and correctly move
The ability to feel things
Esthetia
Complete loss of sensation
Anesthesia
Where are proprioception sense receptors located?
Skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments, joint capsules
What are the four special senses?
Taste, smell, hearing and vision
The senses often involved in illnesses and injury
Special senses
Also called the gustatory sense
Taste
Where are the majority of taste buds located?
Papillae
The tiny openings of the taste buds
Taste pores
What are the primary taste sensations
Sweet, sour, salty and bitter
Also called the olfactory sense
Smell
How is the sense of smell organized?
Into two patches of olfac-tory epithelium located in nasal passages
How does smell work?
Odor molecules dissolve in mucus and contact sensory processes, nerve impulses are generated that travel to the brain and are interpreted as smells
Also called the auditory sense.
Hearing
What are the three parts of the ear.
External ear, middle ear, inner ear
Acts as a funnel to collect sound waves in the eardrum
External ear
Contains the sensory receptors that concert the
Mechanical vibrations to nerve impulses
Inner ear
Amplifies and transmits the vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear
Middle ear
Where are most ear structures located?
In the temporal bones of the skull
The pinna, external auditory canal and tympanic membrane (eardrum) make up the…
External ear
Can be aimed in the direction of sound
Pinna
The part of the external ear that carries sound waves to the ear drum
External auditory canal
The process of which sound waves strike the eardrum and the membrane vibrates at the same frequency
Sympathetic vibration
Small bones found in the middle ear
Ossicles
Receptors for hearing are located here in the middle ear
Cochlea
The outermost bone of the middle ear also called the hammer that is connected to the tympanic membrane
Malleus
The middle bone of the middle ear that forms a synovial joint with the malleus
Incus (anvil)
The anvil forms a joint with this medial bone of the inner ear
Stapes-stirrup
Act as levers that transmit the sound wave vibrations from the ear drum to the cochlea
Ossicles
Also called the eustschian tube, this connects the middle ear to the pharynx
Auditory tube
What would happen if we didn’t have the auditory tube when barometric pressure changed
The eardrum would bulge in or out causing painful pressure.
How are ear hematoma a formed?
By shaking head or other trauma that ruptures blood vessels
Theory of mechanical balance
Equilibrium
Where are equilibrium receptors located
Inner ear vestibules and semicircular canals
The two saclike spaces that make up the vestibule
Utricle and saccule
…Consists of hair cells and supporting cells covered by gelatinous matrix that contains tiny crystals called….
Macula, otoliths
Ear stone
Otolith
Three major layers of the eye ball
Fibrous layer, vascular layer, nervous layer
The outer layer of the eye they admits light to its interior and gives strength and shape to the interior
Fibrous layer
The eyes transparent window that admits light to the eye
Cornea
The white of the eye
Sclera
The junction of the cornea and the sclera
Limbus
Also called the vascular layer
Uvea
Parts of the uvea.
Choroid, iris, ciliary
Where is the choroid located? And what does it consist of?
Between the sclera and retina- dark melanin pigment and blood vessels that supply blood to the retina
The reflective are formed by the choroid responsible for the shine of animals eyes we see at night
Tapetum (tapetum lucidum)
What types of fibers make up the pupil?
Radially arranged fibers, enlarges the pupil when it contracts, circularly arranged fibers constrict the pupil when they contract
Where is the ciliary body? And what does it do?
Located behind the iris and adjusts the shape of the lens for near and far vision
The inner, nervous layer of the eye that lines the back of the eye and acts like a camera of the eye
Retina
When we’re looking into an animals eye, we’re looking into its_____________.
Aqueous compartment
The front part of the iris
Anterior chamber
The space behind the kris and between the lens
Posterior chamber
The only part of the eye that we can see without special instruments
Anterior chamber
A group of diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that causes pain and leads to blindness
Glaucoma
Instrument that tests intraocular pressure
Tonometer
Soft transparent structure of the eye made up of layers of microscopic fibers arranges like an onion
Lens
The process whereby the shape of the lens is changed to allow close up and distant vision
Accommodation
_____ rods are more sensitive to light than ____
Rods, cones
____ are more sensitive to color than _____
Cones, rods
A thin, transparent membrane that covers the front portion of the eyeball and limes the interior surfaces of the eyelid
Conjunctiva
Refers to eyeball
Bulbar
Refers to the eyelids
Palpebral
Athens,all skeletal muscles that hold the eye balls in place and accurately and delicately move them
Extra ocular eye muscles
What are the six extra ocular muscles
Four Straight (rectus) muscles, two oblique muscles
MIoSIS
Small pupil
Mydriasis
Large pupil
Huge requirement for oxygen
Neurons
Structural and functional support for neurons to protect them
Glial cells
Pick up information
Dendrites
Conduct nerve impulse away that the dendrite picked up. May be covered with myelin
Axons
Speeds up impulses
Myelin
Name for myelin in the brain and spinal cord
Oligodendrocytes
Name for myelin outside the brain and in the spinal cord
Schwann
Conduct impulses towards the CNS
Afferent nerves
Conduct impulses away from brain
Efferent nerves
SAME
Sensory-afferent, Motor-efferent
Parts of the brain
Cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brain stem
Biggest part of the brain where our intelligence takes place
Cerebrum
Folds in the brain (tops of the mountains)
Gyri
Folds in the brain (valley of the mountains)
Sicri
Spot in the brain that relays the senses to the cerebrum
Thalamus
Interface between nervous system and endocrine system
Hypothalamus
The master gland
Pituitary
Part of the brain that is the passageway between the brain stem and cerebrum
Diencephalon
Responsible for balance
Cerebellum
Direct arteries that take blood to our brain
Carotid artery
Three layer of meninges
Dura ,Ayer, arachnoid, pita mater
Fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid
Central part of the spinal cord
Medulla
Outer part of the spinal cord (white matter)
Cortex
Sympathetic NS reactions
German Shepard lunging at you - increase blood flow to skeletal muscles, increased heart rate, decreased GI motility, pupils dialate
Parasympathetic NS reactions
You after thanksgiving - decreased heart rate, increased GI motility, pupil constriction, cold due to blood leaving limbs
Part of a Schwann cell outer membrane that can repair itself when damaged
Neurilemma
Rest and digest neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
Three excitably neurotransmitter
Norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline)
Neurotransmitter that makes everything relax
GABA
Little brain
Cerebellum
Three phases of a seizure
Aura (acting weird) ictus (true seizure) post ictal (recovery period)
Recurrent seizures
Epilepsy
