Cardiovascular Flashcards
Two layers of the pericardium
Fibrous and serous pericardium
Tough,fibrous connective tissue that protects the heart
Fibrous pericardium
Made up of visceral and parietal layers that allows the heart to smoothly expand and contract
Serous pericardium
Outside layer of the heart
Pericardium
The thin membrane lining between the myocardium and chambers of the heart
Endocardium
Where does the heart receive deoxygenated blood from?
Tissues of the body
Cardiac contraction
Systole
Where does blood become oxygenated?
In pulmonary capillaries
Where is the base of the heart?
At the top where the blood vessels enter and exit the heart
Auricle
Ear
Look like the floppy ears hanging over the ventricles
Auricles
Borders of the ventricles are separated by..
Intraventicular grooves
The most visible parts of the atrias
Auricles
Why do the walls of the atria less sturdy and thick?
Blood returning is under low pressure
Vessels that merge together and increase in diameter become the ______ veins that carry blood to the left atrium
Pulmonary
The largest artery in the body
Aorta
The artery that supplies the lungs
Pulmonary
Where does the aorta emerge from?
Left ventricle
Contains the highest amount of blood pressure in a vessel
Aorta
Tricuspid
Three flaps
Connects the free edges of the valvular flaps to the papillary muscles
Chordae tendinae
A band of tissue that connected to the outside walls of the right ventricle
Moderator band
Known as the pulmonic valve the prevents backward flow of blood from the pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary valve
The valve between the left atrium and left vesicle
Mitral (atrioventricular) valve
The valve that has only two flaps
Mitral
The last valve the oxygenated blood passes through on the way to the coronary and systemic arteries
Aortic valve
Each cycle of contraction and relaxation of the heart is called
Cardiac cycle
The two main parts to the cardiac cycle
Systole and diastole
During this stage, the heart muscle contracts and blood is ejected from the atria to the ventricles and then to the arteries
Systole
During this stage, the heart relaxes and refills with blood
Diastole
The impulse for a heart beat comes from the
Sinoatrial node
The pacemaker of the heart
SA node
Positively charged ions
Cations
How does the SA node create an electrical charge?
By passing the cations across the outer ,embrace of its cells. Cations are pumped out of the cell during polarization and the outside of the cell now has a higher charge. Cations floe back in to equal the charge during depolarization.
_______ of the heart creates a charge the same way batteries do
Depolarization
Two routes electrical currents generated by the SA node travel
Fast route -AV node and purkinje fibers and Slow Route-rest of the cardiac muscles
In what form do electrical charges travel?
Like a wave
Steps of the cardiac cycle
SA node depolarizes and atria and ventricles relax, atria contracts, ventricles contract, begin diastole
Main difference between a fetus and animal circulating blood
Dam uses lungs, fetus uses dam
Because a fetuses lungs only need blood to grow,volt to breathe, where does blood flow around instead of through
The pulmonary artery
The fetus receives oxygen through the…
Placenta
The umbilical cord is called a vein because
It flows blood towards the heart
Listening to the heart
Auscultation
I’m dogs and cats,the heart lies
Between the third and seventh rib
Lub dub
s1 and s2
The step of mitral and tricuspid valves at the beginning of systole
S1
The step where the aortic and pulmonic valve close at the beginning of diastole
S2
The ____ valve is easiest to hear on the _____ because it exits the left ventricle
Aortic, left
The ______ valve is easiest to hear on the _____ because the valve exits the right ventricle
Pulmonary, left
Due to rapid ventricular filling
S3
Due to contraction of the atria
s4
The amount of blood that leave the heart
Cardiac output
Two factors that determine cardiac output
Stroke volume and heart rate
The law stating that when increased filling,of the heart takes place, it results in increased contraction resulting in a stretch of ventricle muscles
Starlings law
Measures electrical current of the heart
Electrocardiogram
By measuring then_____ and ______ of Electrocardiogram waves, abnormalities can be found
Height and width
Arteries that travel up and supply the head and neck
Carotid arteries
Most common vein used for venipuncture
Jugular
15% of blood volume is found in your….
Lungs, pulmonary
80% of blood volume is found….
In systemic circulation
5% of blood supply is found….
In your heart
Functions of blood:
Maintains normal blood pressure, maintains blood flow to tissue, deliveries oxygen and nutrients to the body
Transport blood away from heart
Arteries
Return blood to the heart.
Veins
Arterial and venous, fine and thin, located in organs
Capillaries
Outer layer around the heart
Pericardium
Heart muscle
Myocardium
Thin membrane lining the inside of the heart
Endocardium
Upper
Atria
Receive and hold venous blood
Atria
Lower
Ventricle
Pu,mp blood away from the heart
Ventricles
Which atrium is thicker and larger myocardium?
Left, needs to work harder
The pacemaker
SA node
The LAMB valve.
Left, atrioventricular, mitral, bicuspid valve
The RAT valve.
Right, atrioventricular, tricuspid valve
Right bottom valve that leads to the lungs
Pulmonic valve
Left bottom valve leading to the body.
Aortic valve
Normal cardiac rhythm is called…
Sinus rhythm
Functions of blood.
Maintain flow to tissue and maintain blood pressure
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation is controlled by what?
Autonomic nervous system
Red pathways
Arteries
Blue pathways
Veins
These return blood to the heart
Vein
Located in organs that are arterial and venous
Capillaries
Move blood away from heart
Arteries
Heart muscle
Myocardium
The thin membrane lining the heart
Endocardium
These chambers of the heart receive and hold venous blood.
Atria
These chambers of the heart pump blood away from the heart
Ventricles
This ventricle is thicker because it works harder.
Left ventricle
The two entrance valves.
Tricuspid and bicuspid
The exit valves in the heart
Pulmonic, aortic
Right ventricle constricts and tricuspid valve closes.
Systole
These Arteries and veins supply the heart with blood.
Coronary
Largest artery I’m the body.
Aorta
Right atrioventricular valve name
Tricuspid
Left atrioventricular valve name.
Mitral
The two semilunar valves.
Aortic and pulmonic
Heart relaxes and refills with blood again.
Diastole
When pressure in the ventricle is greater than the atria, the atrioventricular valve closes.
Lub
When the pressure in the ventricles is greater than the aorta and pulmonary artery, the semilunar valves open allowing blood to leave. Then the semilunar valves close again.
Dub sound
What determines heart rate?
Body temperature, autonomic nervous system, brain stem
Why do EKGs work?
Body fluids conduct electrical currents that can be detected on body surfaces
What is normal cardiac rhythm called?
Sinus rhythm
Pvcs
Premature ventricular contraction
Pacs
Premature atrial contraction
Stroke volume x heart rate
Cardiac output
Effects of increasing stroke volume
Increased force of contraction
Bypasses in fetal circulation keep blood out of where?
Pulmonary circulation
Where does a fetus receive oxygen from?
Placenta
Oxygenated blood travels from the placenta to which vein?
Umbilical vein
After the blood travels from the placenta goes through the umbilical vein, where does it go?
Through the liver and the ductus venosus into the caudal vena cava
After blood travels through the placenta, through the umbilical vein, through the liver and the ductus venosus into the caudal vena cava where does it go?
It enters the right atrium to the left atrium through the foraminifera ovals
How is deoxygenated blood sent back to the placenta?
Umbilical arteries
What happens to the fetal circulation after birth?
The ductus venosus constricts and the forsaken ovale and ductus arteriosus close.
Do veins or arteries have thinner walls?
Veins
Bp ______ with systole and _______ with diastole.
Increases, decreases
First main branch from the aorta.
brachiocephalic trunk
Where does the caudal mesenteric artery.
To the remainder of the large intestine
What do the external iliac artery supply?
Abdominal wall, scrotum, mammary glands
What does the internal iliac artery supply?
Pelvis, hip and genetalia
Runs across the mandible and is used to take the pulse in horses.
Facial artery
Where is the lingual vein located?
Under the tongue
Two types of heart murmurs.
Valvular, stenosis
Smoothing sound of heart due to valves not completely closing.
Valvular
Type of heart murmur caused by a narrow valve opening and decreased amount of blood flow,
Stenosis
Thinning of heart muscle and increased size of chambers.
Dilated
Thickened heart muscles which decrease size of chambers.
Hypertrophic
Heart muscle classification most common in dogs.
Dilated
Diseased heart muscle classification most common in cats.
Hypertrophic
Type of shock categorized as heart pump failure And decreased blood pressure
Cardiogenic shock
Type of shock categorized as loss of blood volume, pale mm, increased heart rate and decreased by
Hypovolemic shock
