Digestive System Flashcards
Five functions of the digestive system?
Grasping food with teeth, chewing up food, chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients, elimination of wastes
Mastication
Grinding up of food
What happens if the digestive system does not work properly?
Cannot gain weight, loose weight, die of malnutrition
Four layers of the GI tract?
Mucosa, sub mucosa, muscle layer, serosa
The connective tissue that suspends The digestive tube in the abdomen and supplies blood, lymph vessels and nerves to the GI tract
Mesentery
Two types of muscles that make up the digestive tube?
Skeletal and smooth muscle
This TYPE of muscle is the voluntary function that allows chewing, breaking down food with saliva and swallowing
Skeletal muscles of the GI tube
Contraction of the _________ muscle fibers narrow the segments of the GI tube
Circular muscle fibers (smooth muscles)
Contraction of the _______ muscle fibers shorten the segments of the tube
Longitudinal
Two main smooth muscle contractions of the GI system?
Segmental (mixing up contents In the GI tract) and peristalsis (move contents along the GI tract)
Also called the buccal cavity
Mouth cavity
Key structures of the buccal cavity
Lips, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, hard and soft palates, oropharynx
Anything pertaining to the lips
Labial
The three matching pairs of salivary glands?
Parotid glands, mandibular glands, sublingual gland
How are carnivorous and herbivore teeth different?
More pointed
The grasping teeth
Incisors
Tearing teeth
Canines
Cutting teeth
Premolars
Grinding teeth
Molars
Inside surface of the teeth on the lower mandible that faces towards the tongue….
Lingual surface
The outer surface of both front maxilla and mandible teeth facing the lips
Labial surface
The outer surface of cheek teeth
Buccal surface
The typical number of teeth found in both rows of teeth
Dental formula
Center of the tooth with blood and nerve supply
The pulp
Surrounds and protects the pulp
Dentin
The low point of the tooth where blood and nerves enter
Apex
The top of the tooth showing
Crown
And enzyme found in omnivores saliva that carnivores do not have that break up amylose
Amylase
An enzyme that breaks up fat
Lipase
The nerve stimulation that produces dry mouth
Sympathetic nervous system stimulation
Another word for throat
Pharynx
The area where the esophagus enters the stomach
Cardia
Single stomach
Mono gastric
More than one stomach chamber
Ruminant
The section directly to the left of the Cardia of the stomach that expands as we eat more
Fundus
The “middle” of the Stomach that is also distendable
Body
The glands of the fundus/body stomach area contain three main cells…
Parietal cells, cheif cells, mucous cells
The part of the stomach that is distal and grinds up food
Pyloric Antrum
Digested stomach contents
Chyme
The muscular ring of the sphincter that controls movement of chyme from moving the wrong way
Pylorus
The first entrance to the intestine from the stomach
Duodenum
How should an empty stomach look?
Pink, glistening from mucous
Deep erosions cause….
Gastric ulcers
Where does the GI tract extend to?
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and anus
How many stomach do ruminates have?
Four
What is rumination?
Chewing of cud, regurgitation and re-chewing
Names of the four ruminant stomachs
Abomasum, reticulum, rumen, omasum
The smallest and most cranial stomach in ruminates?
Reticulum
The large, fermenting stomach chamber that converts the food into energy and breaks down food.
Rumen
Where most nutrients are absorbed in the blood stream?
Small intestine
Three segments of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Villi and micro villi (fingers) make up the…
Brush border
These waves control contraction and movement in the intestines
Peristaltic waves
Enter/o
Intestines
Gastr/o
Relating to the stomach
Hepat/o
Liver
Ingestion of food
Prehension
Also called chewing
Mastication
In teeth formulas, lowercase letters are…
Baby teeth
In teeth formulas, capital letters mean…
Permanent teeth
Covers the crown of the tooth
Enamel
Gums around the teeth
Gingiva
Where is the parotid salivary gland located?
Below ear canal, caudal to mandible
Where is the mandibular salivary gland located?
Between left and right halves of mandible
Where is lingual salivary glands located?
Under base of rouge
After food is ingested, it is in the form of a _____ in the esophagus
Bonus
No major nutrient absorption is done in the…
Stomach
Parietal glands in the fundus and body of the stomach produce…
Hydrochloric acid
Chief in the fundus and body of the stomach produce…
Pepsiogen that breaks down protein
Mucous cells in the fundus and body of the stomach produce…
Protective Mucous
G cells in the pyloric Antrum produce…
Gastrin hormones which release HCl from parietal cells
What is the pH of the stomach?
2-3 ph
Breaks in the surface of the mucous of the stomach lining.
Erosions
Best method to change diets ?
Gradually introduce food over 5-7 days
Main function of the large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum)?
Recover fluid and electrolytes and to store feces until elimination
Layers of the intestinal tract from deep to superficial?
Mucosa, sub mucosa, muscle layer, serosa
Slowing or stopping of peristaltic movement
ileus
Purpose of the small intestines
Digests nutrients, absorbing nutrients
Which segment of the small intestine does the most digesting?
Duodenum
Purpose of the pancreas?
Exocrine function: produce enzymes, and endocrine: produces hormones that regulate blood glucose levels
Breaks down carbs into simple sugars
Amylase
Enzymes that digest fat into smaller molecules?
Lipase
Purpose of the liver?
Produces bile acids, filters toxins, produces glucose, stores nutrients
Function of the gall bladder?
To store bile produced by the liver and deliver it to the small intestine
Which animals don’t have a gall bladder
Horses and rats
Purpose of rectum and anus?
Storing feces and defecation
Common causes of vomitting?
Stress, foreign body obstruction, infection
Common causes of diarrheal?
Diet change, parasites, stress, infection
When in vomit and diarrhea concerning?
Blood, animal can’t keep water down, frequency is more than five times and hour
Ingestion of feces
Coprophagia
Craving non-food items
Pica
What is gastric dilation volvulus?
Bloat (twisting stomach)
What breaks down cellulose in the stomach of herbivores during fermentation?
Microbes
How do hindgut fermenters work?
One stomach for mixing, a large hindgut for fermentation and digestion (horses, swine,sheep, guinea pigs)
The true stomach
Abomasum
Where of the digestive tract do we need strong and thick epithelium?
Around the entrances and exits
Voluntary muscles (mouth, pharynx)
Skeletal
Involuntary muscles (intestine, esophagus)
Smooth
Difference between herbivore and carnivore teeth?
Carnivores are pointed for tearing, herbivores have flat teeth for grinding
Material below the gums “cementing” the teeth in
Cementum
Material covering the part of the tooth that is above gums
Enamel
