Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

how many bones does the adult skeleton have?

A

206

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

functions of bones

A
  • support
  • protection
  • movement
  • storage
  • blood cell formation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is stored in the bones

A

mainly calcium and phosphorous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

hematopoiesis

A
  • AKA blood cell formation

- occurs w/ in marrow cavities of certain bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

parts of skeleton

A
  • axial

- appendicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

makes up axial

A
  • skull
  • vertebral column
  • bony thorax
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

makes up appendicular

A
  • limbs
  • pectoral girdle
  • pelvic girdle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

types of osseous tissue

A
  • compact

- spongy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

compact bone

A
  • dense
  • looks smooth and homogeneous
  • contains nerves and blood vessels (supply nutrients)
  • has osteocytes
  • lacunae arranged in lamellae around haversian canal
  • contains canaliculi
  • contains volkmann’s canals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

spongy bone

A
  • small needlelike pieces of bone

- lots of open space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

osteocytes

A

-mature bone cells located inside lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

lacunae

A

-tiny, matrix-filled cavities that hold osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

lamellae

A

concrete circles that surround a haversian canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

haversian canal

A

-central canal in the middle of compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

osteon

A
  • each central canal and matrix ring

- AKA Haversian system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

canaliculi

A
  • tiny canals, connecting all bone cells to nutrient supply through hard bone matrix
  • in compact bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

volkmann’s perforating canals

A

-run into compact bone at right angles to the shaft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Types of bones

A
  • long
  • flat
  • short
  • irregular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

long bones

A
  • usually longer than wide
  • composed of shaft w/ heads at both ends
  • mostly compact
  • example: all limbs except wrist and ankle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

short bones

A
  • cube-shaped
  • mostly spongy bone
  • example: wrist and ankle bones, sesamoid bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

sesamoid bones

A

form with tendons

- example: patella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

flat bones

A
  • thin, flattened, usually curved
  • made up of 2 thin layers of compact bone w/ layer of spongy bone in between
  • example: skull bones, ribs, sternum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

irregular bones

A
  • don’t fit other categories

- example: vertebrae, hip bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

long bone structure

A
  • diaphysis makes up most of bone’s length
  • covered & protected by periosteum
  • epiphyses
  • articular cartilage covers external surface of epiphyses
  • epiphyseal line (adults)
  • yellow marrow makes up cavity of diaphysis
  • red marrow in diaphysis of infants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
diaphysis
- shaft | - composed of compact bone
26
periosteum
- covers and protects long bone | - fibrous connective tissue membrane
27
epiphyses
- ends of long bone | - made of thick layers of compact bone w/ spongy inside
28
articular cartilage
-made of hyaline cartilage
29
epiphyseal line
-comes from epiphyseal plate
30
epiphyseal plate
- causes lengthwise growth of longbone | - replaced by bone by end of puberty
31
yellow marrow
- composed of adipose tissue | - in medullary cavity
32
red marrow
- in medullary cavity of infants | - in adults, in the cavities of spongy bone of flat bones and epiphyses of some long bones
33
bone markings
- show where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were attached - shows where blood vessels and nerves passed - projections/processes (start with t) - depressions/cavities (start with d)
34
bone formation
- skeleton formed by cartilage & bone - embryo is primarily hyaline cartilage - cartilage remains only in isolated areas (bridge of nose, rib parts, joints)
35
ossification
-bone formation
36
steps of ossification
- hyaline cartilage model is completely covered with bone matrix by osteoblasts - (cartilage bones are enclosed by bony bones) - enclosed hyaline cartilage model is digested away, opening up medullary cavity within newly formed bone
37
osteoblasts
bone forming cells
38
bone development(length)
- by birth, most hyaline cartilage models have been converted to bone, except articular cartilages and epiphyseal plates - new cartilage is formed continuously on external face of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate farther away from medullary cavity - old cartilage replaced by bony matrix
39
bone development (width)
- oppositional growth - osteoblasts add bone tissue to external face of diaphysis as osteoclasts in endosteum remove bone - length and width occur at same rate
40
how is bone development regulated
- growth hormones - sex hormones - calcium levels
41
endosteum
-thin membrane that lines medullary cavity
42
osteoclasts
-bone destroying cells
43
bone remodeling
- influenced by calcium levels in the blood and pull of gravity and muscles on skeleton - when blood calcium levels are too low, parathyroid glands release PTH hormone into the blood, which activates osteoclasts to break down bone & release calcium ions into blood - when blood calcium levels are too high, calcium is deposited into bone matrix as hard calcium salts
44
Rickets
- occurs in children whose bones fail to calcify - bones soften and bowing of weight-bearing bones occurs - due to lack of calcium in diet/ lack of vitamin D
45
closed fracture
- AKA simple fracture | - doesn't penetrate skin
46
open fracture
- AKA compound fracture | - penetrates the skin
47
reduction
- treatment of fractures | - realignment of broken bone ends
48
closed reduction
-ends coaxed together by doctor's hands
49
open reduction
- surgery performed | - bones secured together w/ pins, wires
50
repair of fractures
- hematoma formed & bone cells deprived of nutrients die - break is splinted by fibrocartilage callus & new capillaries form - fibrocartilage replaced by bony callus made of spongy bone - bony callus is remodeled around mechanical stresses
51
hematoma
blood-filled swelling
52
fibrocartilage callus
-contains bony matrix, cartilage matrix, and collagen fibers
53
Transverse fracture
- occurs at exactly 90 degree horizontal angle | - caused by a bending force that causes bone to snap like a carrot
54
oblique fracture
- occurs sloped at an angle/curve - caused by trapping of one bone while other twists over it - foot caught in rock and leg twists
55
spiral fracture
- spirals around bone | - caused by twisting force
56
-comminuted fracture
- breaks into multiple pieces | - caused by crushing force
57
avulsion fracture
- ligament or tendon pulls away from attached bone, and bone fragment breaks off - caused by muscle contraction or stretch that is stronger than force that holds the tendon/ligament to bone
58
impacted fracture
- occurs in the middle of a bone when it is driven into itself and buckles - caused by compression of bone from end to end
59
fissure/hairline fracture
- incomplete bone fracture - multiple small lines often visible, don't pass thru entire bone - caused by a less great force
60
greenstick fracture
- bone bends rather than breaks | - occurs most often in children whose bones haven't completely ossified
61
skull
- made of cranium and facial bones - bones joined together by sutures - only the mandible is attached to the rest of the skull by a freely moveable joint - cranium is composed of long, flat bones
62
paranasal sinuses
- hollow portions of bones surrounding nasal cavity - lighten the skull - give resonance and amplification to voice
63
hyoid bone
- only bone in body that doesn't articulate directly with any other bone - anchored by ligaments to styloid process - moveable base for tongue - attachment point for neck muscles that raise and lower larynx when swallowing/speaking
64
fetal skull
- very large - considered unfinished at birth - has fontanels that are replaced about 2 years after birth - fontanels aka soft spots
65
vertebral column
- extends from skull to pelvis - 26 irregular bones reinforced by ligaments - before birth, 33 vertebrae but 9 fuse together forming sacrum & coccyx - supports/protects spinal cord - separated by intervertebral discs
66
cervical vertebrae
- 7 vertebrae of the neck - atlas (C1) is for nodding - axis(C2) pivot for rotation of skull - C3-C7 are smallest lightest vertebrae
67
thoracic vertebrae
-12 vertebrae in the middle | -
68
lumbar vertebrae
-5 vertebrae of lower back
69
intervertebral discs
-made of flexible fibrocartilage
70
scoliosis
-sideways curvature of spine
71
-kyphosis
- hunchback | - over curvature of thoracic region
72
lordosis
-inward curvature of cervical and lumbar regions
73
Sacrum
- fusion of 5 vertebrae - between L5 and coccyx - forms posterior wall of pelvis
74
Coccyx
- tailbone | - fusion of 3-5 tiny vertebrae
75
bony thorax
- made of sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae | - aka thoracic cage
76
sternum
- breastbone | - attached to first 7 pairs of ribs
77
ribs
-12 pairs form thoracic cavity walls
78
false ribs
5 pairs attached indirectly to sternum
79
true ribs
7 pairs attached directly to sternum by costal cartilages
80
floating ribs
last 2 pairs that lack sternal attachment
81
pectoral girdle
- clavicle | - scapula
82
clavicle
- attaches to sternum and scapula | - acts as brace to hold arm away from thorax and prevent shoulder dislocation
83
scapula
- only attaches at one point - easily dislocated - poorly reinforced ligaments
84
pelvic girdle
- bears weight of upper body | - protects reproductive organs, urinary bladder, parts of intenstines
85
pelvic girdle male vs. female
- female inlet is larger & more circular - female pelvis as a whole is shallower & bones are lighter and thinner - female ilia flare more laterally - female sacrum is shorter & less curved - female ischial spines are shorter and farther apart; outlet is larger - female pubic arch is greater and more rounded
86
foot arches
- 3 | - 2 longitudinal and 1 transverse
87
joints
- aka articulations | - every bone forms one except hyoid
88
classification by function
- synarthroses - amphyiarthroses - diarthroses
89
classification by structure
- fibrous - cartilaginous - synovial
90
synarthroses
-immovable
91
amphyiarthroses
-slightly moveable
92
diarthroses
-freely moveable
93
fibrous joints
- immovable - sutures of skull - syndesmoses
94
syndesmoses
- connecting fibers are longer than sutures, providing more give to the joint - distal ends of tibia and fibula
95
cartilaginous joints
- can be slightly moveable (pubic symphysis or intervertebral joints) - can be immoveable (cartilage b/w first rib and sternum)
96
synovial joints
- bone ends separated by joint cavity containing synovial fluid - articular cartilage covers ends of bones - fibrous articular capsule encloses joint and is lined w/ a smooth synovial membrane - joint cavity contains lubricating synovial fluid - reinforcing ligaments - bursae and tendon sheaths found close by
97
bursae
-flattened fibrous sacs lined w/ synovial membrane and contains thin film of synovial fluid
98
tendon sheath
-elongated bursae that wraps completely around tendon
99
types of synovial joints
- plane - hinge - pivot - condyloid - saddle - ball and socket
100
plane joint
- short slipping or gliding movements - nonaxial - example: carpals
101
hinge joint
- angular movement in one plane - uniaxial - example: humerus and ulna
102
pivot joint
- rotating bone can turn only round its axis - uniaxial - example: head moving back and forth
103
condyloid joint
- oval areas fit together to move bone side to side/ back and forth - can't rotate around axis - biaxial - example: metacarpals
104
saddle joint
- convex and concave areas like a saddle - biaxial - example: thumb
105
ball and socket joint
- spherical head of one bone fits into round socket of another - multiaxial - example: shoulder
106
osteoarthritis
- material from cartilage is worn down causing friction in joints - caused by being overweight, being active - symptoms: achy pain, soreness in joints - treatments: medications, occupational therapy, physical therapy
107
osteoporosis
- causes bones to become weak and brittle - losing bone structure - caused by drinking alcohol, smoking - symptoms: back pain, height loss, greater chance of fractures, lose posture - treatments: care and keep up with your body
108
Osteogenicsarcoma
- tumor forms in growth plate - young or old people - symptoms: pain, swelling, fractures - treatments: surgery, chemotherapy
109
spina bifida
- unknown cause, but believed to be environmental and genetic factors - incomplete development of spinal cord - symptoms: bladder, bowel problems, fluid buildup in brain, seizures - treatments: surgery, therapy
110
craniosynostosis
- premature fusion of sutures - caused by genetics or other disorders - symptoms: deformed skull, pressure in skull - treatments: surgery (traditional or endoscopic)
111
gout
- uric acid builds up in joints - caused by severe arthritis and high red meat diet - symptoms: limited movement, itching, red/purple skin, fatigue, fever - treatments: medicine (anti-inflammatory), blocking uric acid production, improve removal of uric acid
112
osteogenesis imperfecta
- caused by genetics - severe lack of collagen fibers - extremely fragile bones - symptoms: fractures, short stature, tinted whites of eyes, flat feet, brittled teeth, scoliosis, kyphosis - treatments: experimental drugs, low impact sports, rods in bones, surgery
113
acrania
- caused by amniotic syndrome - failure of ectodermal mesenchyme - flat bones in skull are absent - symptoms: absence of top of skull, autism - treatments: prenatal folic acid treatments
114
herniated disc
- caused by old age - degenerated cartilage bulges out of vertebrae - symptoms: leg pain, arm pain - treatments: pain relievers, anti-inflammatory
115
ankylosing spondylitis
- caused possibly by genetics - long term arthritis - symptoms: pain in side of lower back, fever, lost appetite, pain anywhere in back, lack of mobility, bowel inflammation, pain in peripheral joints - treatments: medication, physical therapy, exercises, alternative meds, NSAIDs, DMARDs
116
osteochondrosis
- cause is unknown, common in trauma victims - poor blood supply to bone - symptoms: locked and popping joints, pain - treatments: physical therapy, surgery
117
carpal syndrome
- causes are hereditary, genetic, compression of nerve, moving hands in same position continuously - symptoms: numbness, tingling, weak grip - treatments: taking breaks from typing, icing, splinting
118
bone grafting
- purpose: to replace dead bone marrow w/ new marrow or actual bone - side effects: pain in surgical area, nerve injuries, rejection, inflammation, infection, bleeding, trouble breathing