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Anatomy & Physiology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

how many bones does the adult skeleton have?

A

206

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2
Q

functions of bones

A
  • support
  • protection
  • movement
  • storage
  • blood cell formation
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3
Q

What is stored in the bones

A

mainly calcium and phosphorous

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4
Q

hematopoiesis

A
  • AKA blood cell formation

- occurs w/ in marrow cavities of certain bones

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5
Q

parts of skeleton

A
  • axial

- appendicular

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6
Q

makes up axial

A
  • skull
  • vertebral column
  • bony thorax
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7
Q

makes up appendicular

A
  • limbs
  • pectoral girdle
  • pelvic girdle
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8
Q

types of osseous tissue

A
  • compact

- spongy

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9
Q

compact bone

A
  • dense
  • looks smooth and homogeneous
  • contains nerves and blood vessels (supply nutrients)
  • has osteocytes
  • lacunae arranged in lamellae around haversian canal
  • contains canaliculi
  • contains volkmann’s canals
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10
Q

spongy bone

A
  • small needlelike pieces of bone

- lots of open space

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11
Q

osteocytes

A

-mature bone cells located inside lacunae

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12
Q

lacunae

A

-tiny, matrix-filled cavities that hold osteocytes

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13
Q

lamellae

A

concrete circles that surround a haversian canal

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14
Q

haversian canal

A

-central canal in the middle of compact bone

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15
Q

osteon

A
  • each central canal and matrix ring

- AKA Haversian system

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16
Q

canaliculi

A
  • tiny canals, connecting all bone cells to nutrient supply through hard bone matrix
  • in compact bone
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17
Q

volkmann’s perforating canals

A

-run into compact bone at right angles to the shaft

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18
Q

Types of bones

A
  • long
  • flat
  • short
  • irregular
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19
Q

long bones

A
  • usually longer than wide
  • composed of shaft w/ heads at both ends
  • mostly compact
  • example: all limbs except wrist and ankle
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20
Q

short bones

A
  • cube-shaped
  • mostly spongy bone
  • example: wrist and ankle bones, sesamoid bones
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21
Q

sesamoid bones

A

form with tendons

- example: patella

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22
Q

flat bones

A
  • thin, flattened, usually curved
  • made up of 2 thin layers of compact bone w/ layer of spongy bone in between
  • example: skull bones, ribs, sternum
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23
Q

irregular bones

A
  • don’t fit other categories

- example: vertebrae, hip bones

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24
Q

long bone structure

A
  • diaphysis makes up most of bone’s length
  • covered & protected by periosteum
  • epiphyses
  • articular cartilage covers external surface of epiphyses
  • epiphyseal line (adults)
  • yellow marrow makes up cavity of diaphysis
  • red marrow in diaphysis of infants
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25
Q

diaphysis

A
  • shaft

- composed of compact bone

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26
Q

periosteum

A
  • covers and protects long bone

- fibrous connective tissue membrane

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27
Q

epiphyses

A
  • ends of long bone

- made of thick layers of compact bone w/ spongy inside

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28
Q

articular cartilage

A

-made of hyaline cartilage

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29
Q

epiphyseal line

A

-comes from epiphyseal plate

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30
Q

epiphyseal plate

A
  • causes lengthwise growth of longbone

- replaced by bone by end of puberty

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31
Q

yellow marrow

A
  • composed of adipose tissue

- in medullary cavity

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32
Q

red marrow

A
  • in medullary cavity of infants

- in adults, in the cavities of spongy bone of flat bones and epiphyses of some long bones

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33
Q

bone markings

A
  • show where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were attached
  • shows where blood vessels and nerves passed
  • projections/processes (start with t)
  • depressions/cavities (start with d)
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34
Q

bone formation

A
  • skeleton formed by cartilage & bone
  • embryo is primarily hyaline cartilage
  • cartilage remains only in isolated areas (bridge of nose, rib parts, joints)
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35
Q

ossification

A

-bone formation

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36
Q

steps of ossification

A
  • hyaline cartilage model is completely covered with bone matrix by osteoblasts
  • (cartilage bones are enclosed by bony bones)
  • enclosed hyaline cartilage model is digested away, opening up medullary cavity within newly formed bone
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37
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone forming cells

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38
Q

bone development(length)

A
  • by birth, most hyaline cartilage models have been converted to bone, except articular cartilages and epiphyseal plates
  • new cartilage is formed continuously on external face of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate farther away from medullary cavity
  • old cartilage replaced by bony matrix
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39
Q

bone development (width)

A
  • oppositional growth
  • osteoblasts add bone tissue to external face of diaphysis as osteoclasts in endosteum remove bone
  • length and width occur at same rate
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40
Q

how is bone development regulated

A
  • growth hormones
  • sex hormones
  • calcium levels
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41
Q

endosteum

A

-thin membrane that lines medullary cavity

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42
Q

osteoclasts

A

-bone destroying cells

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43
Q

bone remodeling

A
  • influenced by calcium levels in the blood and pull of gravity and muscles on skeleton
  • when blood calcium levels are too low, parathyroid glands release PTH hormone into the blood, which activates osteoclasts to break down bone & release calcium ions into blood
  • when blood calcium levels are too high, calcium is deposited into bone matrix as hard calcium salts
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44
Q

Rickets

A
  • occurs in children whose bones fail to calcify
  • bones soften and bowing of weight-bearing bones occurs
  • due to lack of calcium in diet/ lack of vitamin D
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45
Q

closed fracture

A
  • AKA simple fracture

- doesn’t penetrate skin

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46
Q

open fracture

A
  • AKA compound fracture

- penetrates the skin

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47
Q

reduction

A
  • treatment of fractures

- realignment of broken bone ends

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48
Q

closed reduction

A

-ends coaxed together by doctor’s hands

49
Q

open reduction

A
  • surgery performed

- bones secured together w/ pins, wires

50
Q

repair of fractures

A
  • hematoma formed & bone cells deprived of nutrients die
  • break is splinted by fibrocartilage callus & new capillaries form
  • fibrocartilage replaced by bony callus made of spongy bone
  • bony callus is remodeled around mechanical stresses
51
Q

hematoma

A

blood-filled swelling

52
Q

fibrocartilage callus

A

-contains bony matrix, cartilage matrix, and collagen fibers

53
Q

Transverse fracture

A
  • occurs at exactly 90 degree horizontal angle

- caused by a bending force that causes bone to snap like a carrot

54
Q

oblique fracture

A
  • occurs sloped at an angle/curve
  • caused by trapping of one bone while other twists over it
  • foot caught in rock and leg twists
55
Q

spiral fracture

A
  • spirals around bone

- caused by twisting force

56
Q

-comminuted fracture

A
  • breaks into multiple pieces

- caused by crushing force

57
Q

avulsion fracture

A
  • ligament or tendon pulls away from attached bone, and bone fragment breaks off
  • caused by muscle contraction or stretch that is stronger than force that holds the tendon/ligament to bone
58
Q

impacted fracture

A
  • occurs in the middle of a bone when it is driven into itself and buckles
  • caused by compression of bone from end to end
59
Q

fissure/hairline fracture

A
  • incomplete bone fracture
  • multiple small lines often visible, don’t pass thru entire bone
  • caused by a less great force
60
Q

greenstick fracture

A
  • bone bends rather than breaks

- occurs most often in children whose bones haven’t completely ossified

61
Q

skull

A
  • made of cranium and facial bones
  • bones joined together by sutures
  • only the mandible is attached to the rest of the skull by a freely moveable joint
  • cranium is composed of long, flat bones
62
Q

paranasal sinuses

A
  • hollow portions of bones surrounding nasal cavity
  • lighten the skull
  • give resonance and amplification to voice
63
Q

hyoid bone

A
  • only bone in body that doesn’t articulate directly with any other bone
  • anchored by ligaments to styloid process
  • moveable base for tongue
  • attachment point for neck muscles that raise and lower larynx when swallowing/speaking
64
Q

fetal skull

A
  • very large
  • considered unfinished at birth
  • has fontanels that are replaced about 2 years after birth
  • fontanels aka soft spots
65
Q

vertebral column

A
  • extends from skull to pelvis
  • 26 irregular bones reinforced by ligaments
  • before birth, 33 vertebrae but 9 fuse together forming sacrum & coccyx
  • supports/protects spinal cord
  • separated by intervertebral discs
66
Q

cervical vertebrae

A
  • 7 vertebrae of the neck
  • atlas (C1) is for nodding
  • axis(C2) pivot for rotation of skull
  • C3-C7 are smallest lightest vertebrae
67
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

-12 vertebrae in the middle

-

68
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

-5 vertebrae of lower back

69
Q

intervertebral discs

A

-made of flexible fibrocartilage

70
Q

scoliosis

A

-sideways curvature of spine

71
Q

-kyphosis

A
  • hunchback

- over curvature of thoracic region

72
Q

lordosis

A

-inward curvature of cervical and lumbar regions

73
Q

Sacrum

A
  • fusion of 5 vertebrae
  • between L5 and coccyx
  • forms posterior wall of pelvis
74
Q

Coccyx

A
  • tailbone

- fusion of 3-5 tiny vertebrae

75
Q

bony thorax

A
  • made of sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae

- aka thoracic cage

76
Q

sternum

A
  • breastbone

- attached to first 7 pairs of ribs

77
Q

ribs

A

-12 pairs form thoracic cavity walls

78
Q

false ribs

A

5 pairs attached indirectly to sternum

79
Q

true ribs

A

7 pairs attached directly to sternum by costal cartilages

80
Q

floating ribs

A

last 2 pairs that lack sternal attachment

81
Q

pectoral girdle

A
  • clavicle

- scapula

82
Q

clavicle

A
  • attaches to sternum and scapula

- acts as brace to hold arm away from thorax and prevent shoulder dislocation

83
Q

scapula

A
  • only attaches at one point
  • easily dislocated
  • poorly reinforced ligaments
84
Q

pelvic girdle

A
  • bears weight of upper body

- protects reproductive organs, urinary bladder, parts of intenstines

85
Q

pelvic girdle male vs. female

A
  • female inlet is larger & more circular
  • female pelvis as a whole is shallower & bones are lighter and thinner
  • female ilia flare more laterally
  • female sacrum is shorter & less curved
  • female ischial spines are shorter and farther apart; outlet is larger
  • female pubic arch is greater and more rounded
86
Q

foot arches

A
  • 3

- 2 longitudinal and 1 transverse

87
Q

joints

A
  • aka articulations

- every bone forms one except hyoid

88
Q

classification by function

A
  • synarthroses
  • amphyiarthroses
  • diarthroses
89
Q

classification by structure

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
90
Q

synarthroses

A

-immovable

91
Q

amphyiarthroses

A

-slightly moveable

92
Q

diarthroses

A

-freely moveable

93
Q

fibrous joints

A
  • immovable
  • sutures of skull
  • syndesmoses
94
Q

syndesmoses

A
  • connecting fibers are longer than sutures, providing more give to the joint
  • distal ends of tibia and fibula
95
Q

cartilaginous joints

A
  • can be slightly moveable (pubic symphysis or intervertebral joints)
  • can be immoveable (cartilage b/w first rib and sternum)
96
Q

synovial joints

A
  • bone ends separated by joint cavity containing synovial fluid
  • articular cartilage covers ends of bones
  • fibrous articular capsule encloses joint and is lined w/ a smooth synovial membrane
  • joint cavity contains lubricating synovial fluid
  • reinforcing ligaments
  • bursae and tendon sheaths found close by
97
Q

bursae

A

-flattened fibrous sacs lined w/ synovial membrane and contains thin film of synovial fluid

98
Q

tendon sheath

A

-elongated bursae that wraps completely around tendon

99
Q

types of synovial joints

A
  • plane
  • hinge
  • pivot
  • condyloid
  • saddle
  • ball and socket
100
Q

plane joint

A
  • short slipping or gliding movements
  • nonaxial
  • example: carpals
101
Q

hinge joint

A
  • angular movement in one plane
  • uniaxial
  • example: humerus and ulna
102
Q

pivot joint

A
  • rotating bone can turn only round its axis
  • uniaxial
  • example: head moving back and forth
103
Q

condyloid joint

A
  • oval areas fit together to move bone side to side/ back and forth
  • can’t rotate around axis
  • biaxial
  • example: metacarpals
104
Q

saddle joint

A
  • convex and concave areas like a saddle
  • biaxial
  • example: thumb
105
Q

ball and socket joint

A
  • spherical head of one bone fits into round socket of another
  • multiaxial
  • example: shoulder
106
Q

osteoarthritis

A
  • material from cartilage is worn down causing friction in joints
  • caused by being overweight, being active
  • symptoms: achy pain, soreness in joints
  • treatments: medications, occupational therapy, physical therapy
107
Q

osteoporosis

A
  • causes bones to become weak and brittle
  • losing bone structure
  • caused by drinking alcohol, smoking
  • symptoms: back pain, height loss, greater chance of fractures, lose posture
  • treatments: care and keep up with your body
108
Q

Osteogenicsarcoma

A
  • tumor forms in growth plate
  • young or old people
  • symptoms: pain, swelling, fractures
  • treatments: surgery, chemotherapy
109
Q

spina bifida

A
  • unknown cause, but believed to be environmental and genetic factors
  • incomplete development of spinal cord
  • symptoms: bladder, bowel problems, fluid buildup in brain, seizures
  • treatments: surgery, therapy
110
Q

craniosynostosis

A
  • premature fusion of sutures
  • caused by genetics or other disorders
  • symptoms: deformed skull, pressure in skull
  • treatments: surgery (traditional or endoscopic)
111
Q

gout

A
  • uric acid builds up in joints
  • caused by severe arthritis and high red meat diet
  • symptoms: limited movement, itching, red/purple skin, fatigue, fever
  • treatments: medicine (anti-inflammatory), blocking uric acid production, improve removal of uric acid
112
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta

A
  • caused by genetics
  • severe lack of collagen fibers
  • extremely fragile bones
  • symptoms: fractures, short stature, tinted whites of eyes, flat feet, brittled teeth, scoliosis, kyphosis
  • treatments: experimental drugs, low impact sports, rods in bones, surgery
113
Q

acrania

A
  • caused by amniotic syndrome
  • failure of ectodermal mesenchyme
  • flat bones in skull are absent
  • symptoms: absence of top of skull, autism
  • treatments: prenatal folic acid treatments
114
Q

herniated disc

A
  • caused by old age
  • degenerated cartilage bulges out of vertebrae
  • symptoms: leg pain, arm pain
  • treatments: pain relievers, anti-inflammatory
115
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A
  • caused possibly by genetics
  • long term arthritis
  • symptoms: pain in side of lower back, fever, lost appetite, pain anywhere in back, lack of mobility, bowel inflammation, pain in peripheral joints
  • treatments: medication, physical therapy, exercises, alternative meds, NSAIDs, DMARDs
116
Q

osteochondrosis

A
  • cause is unknown, common in trauma victims
  • poor blood supply to bone
  • symptoms: locked and popping joints, pain
  • treatments: physical therapy, surgery
117
Q

carpal syndrome

A
  • causes are hereditary, genetic, compression of nerve, moving hands in same position continuously
  • symptoms: numbness, tingling, weak grip
  • treatments: taking breaks from typing, icing, splinting
118
Q

bone grafting

A
  • purpose: to replace dead bone marrow w/ new marrow or actual bone
  • side effects: pain in surgical area, nerve injuries, rejection, inflammation, infection, bleeding, trouble breathing

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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