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Anatomy & Physiology > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

0
Q

What is homeostasis and why is it important to maintain?

A

The tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes

Important to maintain because it allows the cells to function properly

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1
Q

What are the survival needs of the human body?

A 
Water
Food
O2
Heat 
Pressure
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2
Q

What is the order of the structural organization of the human body? How are these levels related?

A

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Each builds off of the next

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3
Q

What are the 11 body systems and their major functions?

A

Integumentary- covers the body, senses changes outside the body, and helps regulate body temp

Cardiovascular- distributes o2 and nutrients throughout the body while removing waste from cells

Muscular- movement, posture, and body heat

Skeletal- supports, protects, provides frameworks, stores inorganic salts, and houses bloodforming tissues

Nervous- integrates incoming information from receptors and sends impulses to muscles and glands

Digestive- receives, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients.

Reproductive- produces new organisms

Respiratory- exchanges gases b/w blood and air

Endocrine- helps integrate metabolic functions (hormones)

Lymphatic- drains excess tissue fluid and includes cells of immunity

Urinary- removes wastes from the blood and helps to maintain water and electrolyte balance

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4
Q

What are the anatomical terms to describe body planes?

A

Sagittal section divides body into right and left portions

Transverse section divides body into superior and inferior portions. AKA cross section

Coronal section divides body into anterior and posterior sections

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5
Q

Anterior

A

In front of

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6
Q

Posterior

A

Behind

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7
Q

Superior

A

Above

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8
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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9
Q

Medial

A

On the inner side of

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10
Q

Lateral

A

On the outer side of

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11
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the origin

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12
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the origin

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13
Q

Superficial

A

At the body surface

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14
Q

What is anatomy?

A

Structure of the body

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15
Q

What is physiology

A

Function of the body

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16
Q

Abdominal

A

Anterior body trunk

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17
Q

Acromial

A

Point of shoulder

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18
Q

Antecubital

A

Anterior surface of elbow

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19
Q

Axillary

A

Armpit

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20
Q

Brachial

A

Arm

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21
Q

Buccal

A

Cheek area

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22
Q

Carpal

A

Wrist

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23
Q

Cervical

A

Neck region

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24
Q

Coxal

A

Hip

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25
Q

Crural

A

Leg

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26
Q

Digital

A

Fingers, toes

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27
Q

Femoral

A

Thigh

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28
Q

Fibular

A

Lateral part of the leg

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29
Q

Inguinal

A

Area where thigh meets body trunk

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30
Q

Nasal

A

Nose

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31
Q

Oral

A

Mouth

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32
Q

Orbital

A

Eye area

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33
Q

Patellar

A

Anterior knee

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34
Q

Pelvic

A

Area overlying pelvis anteriorly

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35
Q

Pubic

A

Genital region

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36
Q

Sternal

A

Breastbone area

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37
Q

Tarsal

A

Ankle region

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38
Q

Thoracic

A

Chest

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39
Q

Umbilical

A

Navel

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40
Q

Cephalic

A

Head

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41
Q

Deltoid

A

Curve of shoulder

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42
Q

Gluteal

A

Buttock

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43
Q

Lumbar

A

Area of back between ribs and hips

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44
Q

Occiptal

A

Posterior surface of head

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45
Q

Popliteal

A

Posterior knee area

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46
Q

Sacral

A

Area between hips

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47
Q

Scapular

A

Shoulder blade region

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48
Q

Sural

A

Posterior surface of lower leg;calf

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49
Q

Vertebral

A

Area of spine

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50
Q

What is the division of the body

A

Appendicular (limbs)

Axial (head, neck, and trunk)

Dorsal cavity (cranial cavity and vertebral column)

Ventral cavity(thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity)

Mediastinum divides thorax in half

Oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear

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51
Q

4 quadrants and 9 regions

A

Look at diagram

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52
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Has abundant rER and golgi apparatus

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53
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells that carry o2 thru bloodstream

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54
Q

Epithelial

A

Hexagonal cells packed together in sheets with abundant amount of intermediate filaments

55
Q

Muscle cell

A

Elongated

Filled with an abundant amount of contractile filaments

56
Q

Fat cells

A

Contains large lipid drop within cytoplasm

Stores nutrients

57
Q

Macrophage

A

Cell

Fights disease

58
Q

Neuron

A

Cell that gathers information and controls body functions

59
Q

Oocyte

A

Female sex cell

60
Q

Sperm

A

Male sex cell

61
Q

What are the four major tissue types?

A

Epithelial

Connective

Muscle

Nervous

62
Q

Structures of epithelial tissue

A

Simple

Stratified

Squamous

Cuboidal

Columnar

63
Q

Function of epithelial tissue

A

Lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body

Protects, absorbs, filtrates, secretes

64
Q

Location of epithelial tissue

A

Skin, body cavities

65
Q

Connective tissue structure

A

Well vascularized (Except tendons and ligaments and cartilage)

Made up of many different types of cells

Has extracellular matrix

66
Q

Function of connective tissue

A

Connects body parts

Support body

Provide protection

67
Q

Location of connective tissue

A

Everywhere in the body

68
Q

Muscle tissue structure

A

Elongated

Long axis for contraction

Skeletal has striations

Cardiac has intercalated disc

69
Q

Muscle tissue function

A

Contraction

Shortening

70
Q

Muscle tissue location

A

Along bones

Heart

Organs

71
Q

Nervous tissue structure

A

Made up of neurons

Cytoplasm long and drawn out

72
Q

Nervous tissue function

A

Receive and conduct electrical impulses

73
Q

Nervous tissue location

A

Brain

Spinal chord

Nerves

74
Q

Cutaneous membrane structure

A

Keratinizing stratified squamous and dense connective tissue

75
Q

Cutaneous membrane function

A

Makes up the skin, protection

76
Q

Cutaneous membrane location

A

Outer portion of body

Exposed to air

Dry membrane

77
Q

Mucous membrane structure

A

Various epithelial and lamina propria

78
Q

Mucous membrane function

A

Secrete mucus for lubrication

Protects against infection

79
Q

Mucous membrane location

A

Cavities open to exterior

Wet membrane

80
Q

Serous membrane structure

A

Simple squamous on top of areolar tissue

81
Q

Serous membrane function

A

Line and enclose body cavities

82
Q

Serous membrane location

A

Cavities closed to exterior

83
Q

Synovial membrane structure

A

Areolar tissue

84
Q

Synovial membrane function

A

Line fibrous capsules surrounding joints (bursae and tendon sheath)

Provide smooth surface and lubricating fluid

85
Q

Synovial membrane location

A

Surrounding joints

86
Q

Main functions of integumentary system

A

Protection

Excretion

Insulation and cushioning

Manufactures protein and vitamin D

87
Q

Epidermis

A

Composed of 5 layers

Top layer of skin

Keratinizes

Contains melanin

88
Q

Dermis

A

Middle layer of skin

Has papillary layer and reticular layer

Nutrients, pain receptors, increase friction, grabbing

Blood vessels, sweat/oil glands, pressure receptors

Well vascularized

89
Q

Hair

A

Protects head against bumps, shield eyes, help keep stuff out of respiratory system

90
Q

Hair follicle

A

Produces hair

91
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Oil glands

Ducts empty into hair follicle

Produce sebum

92
Q

Sweat gland

A

Aka sudoriferous glands

Two types : eccrine and apocrine

93
Q

How is skin color determined?

A

Amount of melanin in the skin

Produced by melanocytes

94
Q

First degree burn

A

Only epidermis is damaged

Area becomes red and swollen

Heal within 2-3 days without special attention

95
Q

Second degree burn

A

Epidermis and upper dermal is damaged

Area is red, painful, and possibly forms blisters

Regeneration can occur

96
Q

Third degree burn

A

Destroys entire thickness of skin

Area appears blanched(gray-white)

Nerve endings are destroyed

Regeneration not possible

97
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

Least malignant, most common

Cells of stratum basale are altered so they can no longer form keratin

Cells invade dermis and subcutaneous

Sun exposed area of face

Shiny, dome shaped modules

Pearly edge

99% cured

98
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Stratum spinosum are altered

Scaly, reddened papule

Forms shallow ulcer raised border

Grows rapidly

99
Q

Malignant melanoma

A

Cancer of melanocytes

5% of skin cancers

Spreading brown/black patch that metastasizes rapidly to surrounding lymph and blood vessels

50% chance of survival

100
Q

How is aging in the integumentary system portrayed?

A

Fetal development: lanugo(down type of hair)

Birth: skin covered with vernix caseosa (white substance produced by sebaceous gland)

Newborn: thin and contains milia (small white spots on face)

Growth causes skin to become thicker and moist , more fat deposited

Adolescence: skin becomes more oily

Young adult: acne

Old age: skin gets drier, fat tissue decreases, elasticity decreases

50: 1/3 of hair follicles have dropped

101
Q

Main functions of skeletal system

A 
Support
Protection
Movement
Storage
Blood cell formation(hematopoiesis)
102
Q

Four main types of bone and example of each

A

Long(humerus)

Short(carpals)

Flat(sternum)

Irregular(vertebrae)

103
Q

How do calcium levels affect strength and durability of bones?

A

The higher the calcium levels in your bones, the stronger they are

104
Q

How do the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae differ in appearance?

A

Cervical: smallest, lightest, holes on the sides

Thoracic: middle size, hole in the middle

Lumbar: massive, block like

105
Q

Scoliosis

A

Sideways curvature of spine

106
Q

Kyphosis

A

Over curvature of thoracic region (hunchback)

107
Q

Lordosis

A

Inward curvature of cervical and lumbar regions

108
Q

Male and female pelvis differentiation

A

Female inlet is larger/more circular

Female Pelvis is shallower and bones are lighter

Female ilia flare more laterally

Female sacrum is shorter, less curved

Female ischial spines are shorter and farther apart; outlet is larger

Female pubic arch is greater and more rounded

109
Q

Three major categories of joints and amount of movement allowed by each

A

Synarthroses: immovable

Amphyiarthroses: slightly moveable

Diarthroses: freely moveable

111
Q

Six types of synovial joints and examples of each

A

Plane: tarsals

Hinge: patella

Pivot: ulna and radius

Condyloid:fingers

Saddle: thumb

112
Q

how do forensic anthropologists determine an individual’s identity based on bones?

A
  • pelvis shape
  • length of bones
  • development of growth plate
  • shape of eye sockets, nose
  • teeth
113
Q

how does smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle differ

A

Smooth: spindle shaped & no striations, uninucleated, located in organs, involuntary movement
Skeletal: cylindrical with striations, multinucleated, attached to bones, voluntary movement
Cardiac: Branching w/ striations, found in heart, involuntary

114
Q

What are the main functions of the muscle system?

A
  • movement
  • maintain posture
  • stabilize joints
  • generates heat
115
Q

how do myosin and actin cause muscle contractions

A

when muscle fibers are activated by the nervous system, cross bridges attach myosin to actin to cause contraction

116
Q

what are the series of events of muscle cell contraction

A
  • neurons send impulses over neuromuscular junctions , which are separated by a synaptic cleft
  • neurotransmitter crosses synaptic cleft and attaches to sarcolemma
  • once attached, Na ions rush into cell and generate energy (action potential)
117
Q

what is graded response

A

in muscle contraction, different degrees of shortening, depending on the stimuli

118
Q

what is tetanus

A

the accumulation of nerve impulses to provide movement

  • fused tetanus is smooth, full movement
  • unfused tetanus are the steps leading to fused tetanus
119
Q

what are isotonic contractions

A

movement occurs

120
Q

isometric contractions

A

myofilaments are unable to slide, movement cannot occur

121
Q

what are the 3 ways ATP is regenerated

A
  • direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate
  • Aerobic glycolysis
  • Anaerobic respiration (lactic acid fermentation)
122
Q

direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate

A
  • creatine transfers high energy phosphate to ADP, making ATP
  • 1 ATP per CP
  • anaerobic
  • muscles store more CP than ATP
  • CP exhausted in 15-20 s
123
Q

aerobic respiration

A
  • glucose broken down into CO2 and H20 and 36 ATP
  • O2, amino acids, pyruvic acids, fatty acid required
  • allows contraction for hours
124
Q

anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation

A

glycolysis breaks glucose into pyruvic acid and 2 atp

  • 2 atp per glucose
  • if o2 not present, broken into lactic acid
  • yields 5% of atp of aerobic respiration
  • faster process, provides atp for 30-60 s
125
Q

what are the types of body movement

A 
flexion
extension
rotation
abduction
adduction
circumduction
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
inversion
eversion
opposition
supination
pronation
126
Q

how is aging in muscle system portrayed?

A

muscles becoming flaccid, atrophy

127
Q

what are the 3 eye tunics and location of each?

A

sclera(outermost)
choroid(middle)
retina(inner)

128
Q

what are rods?

A

one of the photoreceptors, helps to see in darker places

129
Q

what are cones?

A

one of the photoreceptors, helps to see details in brightly lit places

130
Q

passageway of light as it enters eye

A

cornea, aqueous humor,lens, vitreous humor, retina

131
Q

how does an individual use equilibrium organs to maintain dynamic balance and static balance?

A

static: inside the vestibular apparatus there are receptors called maculae (report position of head). static helps determine movement of the head in the up or down direction. otoliths and hair cells are in the otolithic membrane. otoliths send impulses to vestibular nerve then cerebellum to inform body location of head
dynamic: receptors found in semicircular canals, respond to angular movements. receptor regions called crista ampullaris are located in semicircular canals and covered by cupula. endolymph fluid moves in opposite direction of body movement, pushing cupula and stimulating hair cells to send impulses to vestibular nerve.

132
Q

location of olfactory and taste receptors

A

roof of each nasal cavity

(taste) oral cavity and tongue

133
Q

structure of olfactory and taste receptors

A

neurons with olfactory hairs and mucus covering them

134
Q

function of olfactory and taste receptors

A

gives sense of smell and taste when chemicals are dissolved

135
Q

what are the four basic taste sensations

A

sweet receptors:sugars,saccharine,some amino acids

  • sour receptors: H or acidity of solution
  • bitter receptors: alkaloids
  • salty receptors:metal ions in solution
136
Q

aging in special senses

A

-as you age, the sharpness of sense begins to fade

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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