Cardiovascular System and Blood Flashcards
1
Q
Vascular tissue
A
aka blood
2
Q
What makes up blood
A
blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix (blood plasma)
3
Q
blood fibers
A
soluble proteins that are only apparent during blood clotting
4
Q
blood functions
A
transports nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases, and other substances throughout the body
5
Q
physical characteristics of blood
A
sticky opaque fluid with metallic taste -color varies (scarlet means o2 rich, dull red means o2 poor) -heavier than water, 5x more viscous -alkaline w/ pH b/w 7.35 and 7.45 Temp is higher than body temp slightly -accounts for 8% of body weight
6
Q
What components make up the blood
A
erythrocytes
luekocytes
platelets
plasma
7
Q
erythrocytes
A
RBC
transport o2
normal count is 5 million/mm3
when rbc increases, blood viscosity increases, vice versa
8
Q
leukocytes
A
WBC
protect
only complete cell in blood (contain both nuclei and organelles)
typical count is 4,000 to 11,000 per mm3
9
Q
platelets
A
cell fragments(megakaryocytes) for blood clotting normal count is 300,000/mm3
10
Q
percentage blood composition
A
45% erythrocytes
55% plasma
<1% RBC and platelets
11
Q
hematocrit
A
percentage of RBC in blood
12
Q
plasma
A
- 90% water w/ other substances
- most plasma proteins made by liver and serve various functions
- albumin
- clotting proteins
- antibodies
13
Q
albumin
A
maintains osmotic pressure (water in bloodstream)
14
Q
clotting proteins
A
stops blood loss from injury
15
Q
antibodies
A
protects body from pathogens
16
Q
Direct Cause: Decrease in RBC number
Resulting From: sudden hemorrhage, lysis of rbcs as a result of bacterial infections, lack of vitamin b12, depression/destruction of bone marrow by cancer, radiation, or certain medications
Leading To….
A
- Hemorrhagic anemia
- hemolytic anemia
- pernicious anemia
- aplastic anemia
17
Q
Direct Cause: Inadequate hemoglobin content in rbcs
Resulting From: Lack of iron in diet or slow/prolonged bleeding
Leading to…
A
iron-deficiency anemia
18
Q
Direct cause: abnormal hemoglobin in rbcs
Resulting from: genetic defect leads to abnormal hemoglobin
leading to….
A
sickle-cell anemia
19
Q
polycythemia
A
abnormal increase in rbcs
- can be a result of bone marrow cancer of can occur from living at high altitudes where air is thin and o2 is less available
- blood is extremely viscous, limiting flow and circulation
20
Q
diapedesis
A
move into and out of blood vessels (leukocytes)
21
Q
leukocytosis
A
wbc count above 11,000 mm3
-happens during bacterial or viral infection
22
Q
leukopenia
A
abnormally low wbc
-certain drugs cause this (corticosteroids and anti cancer agents)
23
Q
leukemia
A
bone marrow becomes cancerous, causes huge number of wbcs to form rapidly
- new wbcs are immature and can’t carry out normal protective functions
- body becomes easy prey for disease-causing bacteria and viruses
24
Q
WBC classification
A
- granulocytes
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
- agranulocytes
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
25
granulocytes
granule-containing wbcs
| have lobed nuclei
26
neutrophils
phagocytes for acute infections
27
eosinophils
allergies and infections by parasitic worms
28
basophils
contains inflammatory chemical (histamine) to trigger presence of wbc
29
lymphocytes
immune response in lymphatic tissue (B-produces antibodies;t-graft rejection, fights tumors and viruses, activates B)
30
agranulocytes
lack cytoplasmic granules
31
monocytes
macrophage against chronic infections
32
hematopoiesis
blood cell formation
| -occurs in red bone marrow
33
where does hematopoiesis occur in adults
flat bones of skull, pelvis, ribs, sternum, and epiphyses of humerus and femur
34
where does hematopoiesis occur in children
diaphysis of long bones
35
hemocytoblasts
blood stem cells
| -can form lymphoid stem cell or myeloid stem cell
36
lymphoid stem cell
forms lymphocytes
37
myeloid stem cell
forms all other formed elements
38
creation of rbc
rbcs continue to divide, so large production of hemoglobin
- when enough hemoglobin is produced, organelles are ejected out and cell collapses inward (produces reticulocyte-contains ER)
- w/in 2 days, eject remaining ER and become fully functional
39
what controls rate of hematopoiesis
erythropoietin
40
hemostasis
stoppage of blood flow
41
3 major phases of hemostasis
1. platelet plug forms
2. vascular spasms occur
3. coagulation occurs
42
thromboplastin
clotting factor
43
undesirable clotting
- thrombus
| - embolus
44
thrombus
clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel
45
embolus
clot that breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the blood stream
46
bleeding disorders
thrombocytopenia
| -hemophilia
47
thrombocytopenia
results from insufficient platelets causing numerous small bleedings
48
hemophilia
hereditary bleeding disorders that result from lack of needed clotting factors
49
Antigen
foreign substance in the body
50
agglutination
clogging of small blood vessels
| occurs when blood is transfused with different antigens
51
Rh blood groups
- rh+ carries rh antigen
| - rh- does not carry rh antigen
52
development of blood
before birth, hematopoiesis occurs in many areas
- by birth, hematopoiesis occurs in red marrow
- after birth, fetal rbcs are replaced by mature rbcs
- increasing ages are at more risk for leukemias, anemias, and blood clot disease
53
anatomy of heart(location)
- size of a person's fist
- weighs less than a pound
- apex points to left hip, resting on diaphragm between each lung
- base points to the right shoulder and lies beneath second rib
54
coverings of heart
- enclosed by pericardium
| - serous fluid is produced to help heart beat in frictionless environment
55
parietal pericardium
loosely around base of heart, reinforced by dense connective tissue
-used for protection and anchorage
56
3 layers of heart wall
endocardium
myocardium
epicardium
57
pulmonary circuit
superior and inferior vena cava receive o2 poor blood that empties into the right atrium thru right ventricle, thru the tricuspid valve to the pulmonary arteries
58
systemic circtuit
blood pumps out of heart into aorta supplying blood to all tissues of the body
-o2 poor blood enters back to right atrium thru systemic veins and empty into vena cava
59
valves
allow blood to flow one direction
60
Atrioventricular valves
located between atrial and ventricular chambers
- open during heart relaxation
- close when ventricles contract
61
chordae tendinae
heart strings
| -close valves when BP increases inside ventricles
62
semilunar valves
guard bases of two large arteries leaving ventricular chambers
- each have 3 flaps
- closed during heart relaxation
- forced open when ventricles contract
63
cardiac circulation
coronary arteries supply o2 to myocardium
| -cardiac veins drain myocardium, emptying into coronary sinus, which empties into right atrium
64
different portions of heart beat separately
atrial 60 bpm
| ventricular 20-40 bpm
65
intrinsic conduction system
composed of special tissue crossed between muscle and nervous tissue
- causes heart muscle depolarization in one direction
- enforces contraction rate (75 bpm)
- Impulse spreads from SA node to AV node
66
SA node
sinoatrial node
| pacemaker
67
av node
atrioventricular node
68
AV node damage leads to...
release ventricles from control of sa node, causing ventricles to beat at own rate
69
sa node damage leads to..
slower heart rate
70
ischemia
lack of adequate blood supply to heart
| leads to fibrillation
71
fibrillation
rapid uncoordinated shuddering in heart muscles
72
tachycardia
rapid heart rate over 100 bpm
73
bradycardia
slow heart rate less than 60 bpm
74
systole
ventricle contraction of heart
75
diastole
ventricle relaxation of heart
76
cardiac cycle
all events of one complete heartbeat
| approx .8 sec
77
3 phases of cardiac cycle
1. mid-to late diastole
2. ventricular systole
3. early diastole
78
Cardiac output
amount of Blood pumped out by each side of heart in1 minute
| -determined by heart rate and stroke volume
79
stroke volume
volume of blood pumped by ventricle with each heartbeat
80
congestive heart failure
pumping efficiency of heart is depressed so circulation is inadequate
-reflects weakening of heart by athersclerosis, hypertension, or multiple MIs
81
3 tunics of blood vessels
- tunica interna
- tunica media
- tunica externa
82
arterior walls
thicker tunica media to withstand high pressure
83
lumens of veins
larger, more skeletal muscle activity, respiratory pump due to low BP
84
Capillaries
only have tunica media for gas exchange efficiency
85
arterial pulse locations
```
brachial artery
radial
popliteal
posterior tibial
temporal
facial
carotid
femoral
dorsalis pedis
```
86
Blood pressure
pressure blood exerts against inner walls of vessels, keeping blood circulating continuously even between heartbeats
-uses auscultatory method
87
factors on bp
relies on cardiac output and peripheral resistance
88
peripheral resistance
amount of friction encountered by blood as it flows thru vessels
89
normal systolic pressure
b/w 110-140 mm Hg
90
normal diastolic
75-80 mm Hg
91
hypotension
systolic <100
92
orthostatic hypotension
dizziness when rising
93
hypertension
140/90 or higher
94
development of cardiovascular system
heart begins as neural tube
- beats by 4th week of pregnancy
- by 7th week, becomes 4 chambered heart w/ shunted lungs and liver
- at birth, shunts become blocked, heart function begins
- as we age, venous valves weaken, varicose veins, progressive athersclerosis
- at least 30% of pop have hypertension by 50
- heart diseases caused death in more than half pop 65+
95
Pericarditis
What: inflammation of pericardium
Cause: decrease in serous fluid
Complication: adhesions in heart wall
96
Incompetent Valve
What: allows blood to leak back into previous chamber
Cause: heartstrings not working, issues contracting, congenital
Complication: backflow of blood, poor circulation
97
Valvular Stenosis
What: stiffening of valve
Cause: multiple bacterial infections
Complication: need valve replacement
98
Myocardial infarction
What: heart attack
Cause: one or more coronary arteries become blocked, overuse, stress, poor diet
Complication: death, weakening of heart
99
athersclerosis
What: clogging of vessels
Cause: cholesterol and fat deposits
Complication: heart disease of any kind, aneurysms
100
murmur
What: abnormal sounds
Cause: thin heart walls
Complication: valve replacement, bp issues, heart attack
101
congestive heart failure
What: weakens b/c of overuse
Cause: athersclerosis, hypertension, poor diet, poor exercise
Complication: pulmonary edema and suffocation or edema in body, heart failure
102
thrombophlebitis
What: clot in a vessel that can't get out
Cause: increased blood viscosity clot already there
Complication: pulmonary embolism, suffocation
