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Anatomy & Physiology > Cardiovascular System and Blood > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System and Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Vascular tissue

A

aka blood

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2
Q

What makes up blood

A

blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix (blood plasma)

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3
Q

blood fibers

A

soluble proteins that are only apparent during blood clotting

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4
Q

blood functions

A

transports nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases, and other substances throughout the body

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5
Q

physical characteristics of blood

A 
sticky opaque fluid with metallic taste
-color varies (scarlet means o2 rich, dull red means o2 poor)
-heavier than water, 5x more viscous
-alkaline w/ pH b/w 7.35 and 7.45
Temp is higher than body temp slightly
-accounts for 8% of body weight
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6
Q

What components make up the blood

A

erythrocytes
luekocytes
platelets
plasma

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7
Q

erythrocytes

A

RBC
transport o2
normal count is 5 million/mm3
when rbc increases, blood viscosity increases, vice versa

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8
Q

leukocytes

A

WBC
protect
only complete cell in blood (contain both nuclei and organelles)
typical count is 4,000 to 11,000 per mm3

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9
Q

platelets

A 
cell fragments(megakaryocytes) for blood clotting
normal count is 300,000/mm3
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10
Q

percentage blood composition

A

45% erythrocytes
55% plasma
<1% RBC and platelets

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11
Q

hematocrit

A

percentage of RBC in blood

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12
Q

plasma

A
  • 90% water w/ other substances
  • most plasma proteins made by liver and serve various functions
  • albumin
  • clotting proteins
  • antibodies
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13
Q

albumin

A

maintains osmotic pressure (water in bloodstream)

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14
Q

clotting proteins

A

stops blood loss from injury

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15
Q

antibodies

A

protects body from pathogens

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16
Q

Direct Cause: Decrease in RBC number
Resulting From: sudden hemorrhage, lysis of rbcs as a result of bacterial infections, lack of vitamin b12, depression/destruction of bone marrow by cancer, radiation, or certain medications
Leading To….

A
  • Hemorrhagic anemia
  • hemolytic anemia
  • pernicious anemia
  • aplastic anemia
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17
Q

Direct Cause: Inadequate hemoglobin content in rbcs
Resulting From: Lack of iron in diet or slow/prolonged bleeding
Leading to…

A

iron-deficiency anemia

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18
Q

Direct cause: abnormal hemoglobin in rbcs
Resulting from: genetic defect leads to abnormal hemoglobin
leading to….

A

sickle-cell anemia

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19
Q

polycythemia

A

abnormal increase in rbcs

  • can be a result of bone marrow cancer of can occur from living at high altitudes where air is thin and o2 is less available
  • blood is extremely viscous, limiting flow and circulation
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20
Q

diapedesis

A

move into and out of blood vessels (leukocytes)

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21
Q

leukocytosis

A

wbc count above 11,000 mm3

-happens during bacterial or viral infection

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22
Q

leukopenia

A

abnormally low wbc

-certain drugs cause this (corticosteroids and anti cancer agents)

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23
Q

leukemia

A

bone marrow becomes cancerous, causes huge number of wbcs to form rapidly

  • new wbcs are immature and can’t carry out normal protective functions
  • body becomes easy prey for disease-causing bacteria and viruses
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24
Q

WBC classification

A
  • granulocytes
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
  • agranulocytes
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
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25
Q

granulocytes

A

granule-containing wbcs

have lobed nuclei

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26
Q

neutrophils

A

phagocytes for acute infections

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27
Q

eosinophils

A

allergies and infections by parasitic worms

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28
Q

basophils

A

contains inflammatory chemical (histamine) to trigger presence of wbc

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29
Q

lymphocytes

A

immune response in lymphatic tissue (B-produces antibodies;t-graft rejection, fights tumors and viruses, activates B)

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30
Q

agranulocytes

A

lack cytoplasmic granules

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31
Q

monocytes

A

macrophage against chronic infections

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32
Q

hematopoiesis

A

blood cell formation

-occurs in red bone marrow

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33
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur in adults

A

flat bones of skull, pelvis, ribs, sternum, and epiphyses of humerus and femur

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34
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur in children

A

diaphysis of long bones

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35
Q

hemocytoblasts

A

blood stem cells

-can form lymphoid stem cell or myeloid stem cell

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36
Q

lymphoid stem cell

A

forms lymphocytes

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37
Q

myeloid stem cell

A

forms all other formed elements

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38
Q

creation of rbc

A

rbcs continue to divide, so large production of hemoglobin

  • when enough hemoglobin is produced, organelles are ejected out and cell collapses inward (produces reticulocyte-contains ER)
  • w/in 2 days, eject remaining ER and become fully functional
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39
Q

what controls rate of hematopoiesis

A

erythropoietin

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40
Q

hemostasis

A

stoppage of blood flow

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41
Q

3 major phases of hemostasis

A
  1. platelet plug forms
  2. vascular spasms occur
  3. coagulation occurs
42
Q

thromboplastin

A

clotting factor

43
Q

undesirable clotting

A
  • thrombus

- embolus

44
Q

thrombus

A

clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel

45
Q

embolus

A

clot that breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the blood stream

46
Q

bleeding disorders

A

thrombocytopenia

-hemophilia

47
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

results from insufficient platelets causing numerous small bleedings

48
Q

hemophilia

A

hereditary bleeding disorders that result from lack of needed clotting factors

49
Q

Antigen

A

foreign substance in the body

50
Q

agglutination

A

clogging of small blood vessels

occurs when blood is transfused with different antigens

51
Q

Rh blood groups

A
  • rh+ carries rh antigen

- rh- does not carry rh antigen

52
Q

development of blood

A

before birth, hematopoiesis occurs in many areas

  • by birth, hematopoiesis occurs in red marrow
  • after birth, fetal rbcs are replaced by mature rbcs
  • increasing ages are at more risk for leukemias, anemias, and blood clot disease
53
Q

anatomy of heart(location)

A
  • size of a person’s fist
  • weighs less than a pound
  • apex points to left hip, resting on diaphragm between each lung
  • base points to the right shoulder and lies beneath second rib
54
Q

coverings of heart

A
  • enclosed by pericardium

- serous fluid is produced to help heart beat in frictionless environment

55
Q

parietal pericardium

A

loosely around base of heart, reinforced by dense connective tissue
-used for protection and anchorage

56
Q

3 layers of heart wall

A

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium

57
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

superior and inferior vena cava receive o2 poor blood that empties into the right atrium thru right ventricle, thru the tricuspid valve to the pulmonary arteries

58
Q

systemic circtuit

A

blood pumps out of heart into aorta supplying blood to all tissues of the body
-o2 poor blood enters back to right atrium thru systemic veins and empty into vena cava

59
Q

valves

A

allow blood to flow one direction

60
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

located between atrial and ventricular chambers

  • open during heart relaxation
  • close when ventricles contract
61
Q

chordae tendinae

A

heart strings

-close valves when BP increases inside ventricles

62
Q

semilunar valves

A

guard bases of two large arteries leaving ventricular chambers

  • each have 3 flaps
  • closed during heart relaxation
  • forced open when ventricles contract
63
Q

cardiac circulation

A

coronary arteries supply o2 to myocardium

-cardiac veins drain myocardium, emptying into coronary sinus, which empties into right atrium

64
Q

different portions of heart beat separately

A

atrial 60 bpm

ventricular 20-40 bpm

65
Q

intrinsic conduction system

A

composed of special tissue crossed between muscle and nervous tissue

  • causes heart muscle depolarization in one direction
  • enforces contraction rate (75 bpm)
  • Impulse spreads from SA node to AV node
66
Q

SA node

A

sinoatrial node

pacemaker

67
Q

av node

A

atrioventricular node

68
Q

AV node damage leads to…

A

release ventricles from control of sa node, causing ventricles to beat at own rate

69
Q

sa node damage leads to..

A

slower heart rate

70
Q

ischemia

A

lack of adequate blood supply to heart

leads to fibrillation

71
Q

fibrillation

A

rapid uncoordinated shuddering in heart muscles

72
Q

tachycardia

A

rapid heart rate over 100 bpm

73
Q

bradycardia

A

slow heart rate less than 60 bpm

74
Q

systole

A

ventricle contraction of heart

75
Q

diastole

A

ventricle relaxation of heart

76
Q

cardiac cycle

A

all events of one complete heartbeat

approx .8 sec

77
Q

3 phases of cardiac cycle

A
  1. mid-to late diastole
  2. ventricular systole
  3. early diastole
78
Q

Cardiac output

A

amount of Blood pumped out by each side of heart in1 minute

-determined by heart rate and stroke volume

79
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped by ventricle with each heartbeat

80
Q

congestive heart failure

A

pumping efficiency of heart is depressed so circulation is inadequate
-reflects weakening of heart by athersclerosis, hypertension, or multiple MIs

81
Q

3 tunics of blood vessels

A
  • tunica interna
  • tunica media
  • tunica externa
82
Q

arterior walls

A

thicker tunica media to withstand high pressure

83
Q

lumens of veins

A

larger, more skeletal muscle activity, respiratory pump due to low BP

84
Q

Capillaries

A

only have tunica media for gas exchange efficiency

85
Q

arterial pulse locations

A 
brachial artery
radial
popliteal
posterior tibial
temporal
facial
carotid
femoral
dorsalis pedis
86
Q

Blood pressure

A

pressure blood exerts against inner walls of vessels, keeping blood circulating continuously even between heartbeats
-uses auscultatory method

87
Q

factors on bp

A

relies on cardiac output and peripheral resistance

88
Q

peripheral resistance

A

amount of friction encountered by blood as it flows thru vessels

89
Q

normal systolic pressure

A

b/w 110-140 mm Hg

90
Q

normal diastolic

A

75-80 mm Hg

91
Q

hypotension

A

systolic <100

92
Q

orthostatic hypotension

A

dizziness when rising

93
Q

hypertension

A

140/90 or higher

94
Q

development of cardiovascular system

A

heart begins as neural tube

  • beats by 4th week of pregnancy
  • by 7th week, becomes 4 chambered heart w/ shunted lungs and liver
  • at birth, shunts become blocked, heart function begins
  • as we age, venous valves weaken, varicose veins, progressive athersclerosis
  • at least 30% of pop have hypertension by 50
  • heart diseases caused death in more than half pop 65+
95
Q

Pericarditis

A

What: inflammation of pericardium
Cause: decrease in serous fluid
Complication: adhesions in heart wall

96
Q

Incompetent Valve

A

What: allows blood to leak back into previous chamber
Cause: heartstrings not working, issues contracting, congenital
Complication: backflow of blood, poor circulation

97
Q

Valvular Stenosis

A

What: stiffening of valve
Cause: multiple bacterial infections
Complication: need valve replacement

98
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

What: heart attack
Cause: one or more coronary arteries become blocked, overuse, stress, poor diet
Complication: death, weakening of heart

99
Q

athersclerosis

A

What: clogging of vessels
Cause: cholesterol and fat deposits
Complication: heart disease of any kind, aneurysms

100
Q

murmur

A

What: abnormal sounds
Cause: thin heart walls
Complication: valve replacement, bp issues, heart attack

101
Q

congestive heart failure

A

What: weakens b/c of overuse
Cause: athersclerosis, hypertension, poor diet, poor exercise
Complication: pulmonary edema and suffocation or edema in body, heart failure

102
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

What: clot in a vessel that can’t get out
Cause: increased blood viscosity clot already there
Complication: pulmonary embolism, suffocation

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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