Integumentary System Flashcards
Two major groups of body membranes
- epithelial membranes
- connective tissue membranes
Body membranes function
cover surfaces, line body cavities, form protective sheets around organs
Epithelial membranes
- not just made of epithelial tissue
- cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes
Connective tissue membranes
- made just of connective tissue
- synovial membrane
Cutaneous membrane
- aka skin
- composed of keratinized stratified squamous & dense connective tissue
- dry membrane, exposed to air
Mucous membrane
- cavities open to exterior
- composed of various epithelial tissue and lamina propria
- exposed to secretions, making it a wet membrane
Serous membrane
- cavities closed to exterior
- composed of simple squamous on top of areolar tissue
- occurs in pairs: parietal layer(lines specific wall of cavity) and visceral layer(covers outside of organs in cavity)
- layers separated by serous fluid
Different names for serous membrane
- peritoneum: abdominal cavity & organs
- pleura: lungs
- pericardium: heart
Synovial Membranes
- composed of areolar tissue
- line fibrous capsules surrounding JOINTS
- line small sacs of connective tissue called BURSAE and TENDON SHEATH
- function: to cushion organs during movement
Functions of integumentary system
- protection
- excretion of wastes
- insulation and cushioning
- manufactures proteins and vitamin d
Epidermis
- made of 5 layers
- contains melanin
5 layers of epidermis
- stratum basale
- stratum spinosum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum corneum
Stratum basale
- deepest layer of epidermis
- constantly undergoing cell division pushing daughter cells into spinosum and granulosum
stratum lucidum
- keratinized
- occurs where skin is hairless and extra thick
- ex: palms and soles
stratum corneum
-extra keratin for protection
Melanin
- pigment that determines skin color
- produced my melanocytes
- stratum basale
- acts as umbrella over nuclei for protection
- yellow, reddish brown, black
Carotene
- orange-yellow
- found in vegetables
Hemoglobin
-color of red blood cells found in dermal blood vessels
Herpes Simplex
- AKA cold sores
- overexposure to sunlight causes damage to skin
Erythema
- AKA redness
- reddened skin indicates embarrassment(blushing)
- fever
- hypertension
- inflammation
- allergy
Pallor
- AKA blanching
- triggered by emotional stress
- paleness due to anemia
- hypotension
- impaired blood flow
Jaundice
- AKA yellow cast
- signifies liver condition due to excess bile pigments in blood
Bruises
- when blood escapes circulation and is clotted in tissue spaces
- hematoma
Dermis
- varies in thickness by location
- two regions: papillary & reticular
Papillary layer structure
- upper dermal region
- uneven w fingerlike projections called dermal papillae
Papillary layer function
- furnish epidermis w nutrients
- contain pain receptors
- increase friction and grabbing
Reticular layer structure
- deepest dermal layer
- contains blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, deep pressure receptors
- made of collagen and elastic fibers
- well vascularized
Reticular layer function
- toughness
- keep skin hydrated
- cause elasticity
- regulate body temp
Decubitus ulcers
- in bedridden patients who aren’t turned regularly
- pressure from body reduces blood supply and skin becomes pale
- cells begin to die, causing cracks
Appendages of skin
- cutaneous glands
- hairs
- hair follicles
- nails
Cutaneous Glands
- all exocrine glands
- sebaceous
- sudoriferous
Sebaceous glands
- AKA oil glands
- all over skin except palms and soles
- ducts empty into hair follicles
- produce sebum
Sebum
- keeps skin moist
- infection and blockage can cause acne
Sudoriferous glands
- aka sweat glands
- produce sweat
- 2 types: eccrine and apocrine
Eccrine glands
-produce sweat thru pores
Apocrine glands
-produce fatty acids and protein secretions along with sweat
Hair function
- protect head
- shield eyes
- help keep foreign particles out of respiratory system
- insulation
Hair structure
- hair follicle
- hair shaft
- root
- formed by dicision of stratum basale in hair bulb matrix
- as daughter cells are pushed away, become keratinized and die
- core=medula
- middle layer=cortex
- outer layer = cuticle
Hair follicle
-inner epidermal sheath & outer dermal sheath
Arrector pilli
- muscle that causes goose bumps
- connected to dermal tissue on hair follicle
Nails
- free edge, body, root
- nonliving
Nail folds
border of nail overlapped by skin
nail cuticle
thick proximal nail fold
Nail bed
stratum basale extends beneath nail
Nail matrix
responsible for nail growth
Burns
- tissue damage and cell death
- caused by intense heat, electricity, UV radiations, certain chemicals
- burned skin is sterile for 24 hours
Resulting problems w burns
- lose supply of fluids containing proteins and electrolytes
- dehydration/electrolyte imbalance
- shutdown of kidneys
- circulatory shock
- pathogens invade easily and multiply rapidly
- immune system depresses w/in 1-2 days after injury
Rule of nines
- burns
- divides body in 11 areas
- each area accounts for 9% of body surface area
- genitals are 1%
First degree burns
- only epidermis is damaged
- area becomes red & swollen
- heal w/in 2-3 days
- partial thickness burn
2nd degree burns
- epidermis and upper dermis are damaged
- are is red, painful, and possibly forms blisters
- regeneration can occur, no infection
- partial thickness burn
3rd degree burn
- destroys entire thickness of skin
- area appears blanched
- nerve endings are destroyed
- regeneration is not possible
- skin grafting
- full thickness burn
Burns are considered critical if…
- 25%+ of body has 2nd degree
- 10%+ of body has 3rd degree
- 3rd degree on face, hands, or feet
- face burns can burn respiratory passageway, causing swelling and possible suffocation
- joint injuries can limit mobility
skin cancer
- most common type of cancer in humans
- cause is unknown
- risk factor=overexposure to UV rays
- other factors=infections, chemicals, physical trauma, etc
basal cell carcinoma
- least malignant, most common
- cells of stratum basale are altered so they can’t make keratin
- cells proliferate and invade dermis and hypodermis
- appear as shiny, dome shaped
- develop ulcer w pearly edge
- 99% fully cured cases
squamous cell carcinoma
- stratum spinosum cells altered
- lesion appears scaly, reddened papule
- forms shallow ulcer w raised border
- often on scalp, ears, dorsum of hands, lower lip
- grows rapidly, metastisizes to adjacent lymph node
Malignant melanoma
- cancer of melanocytes
- 5% of skin cancers
- spreading brown/black patch
- metastasizes rapidly to surrounding lymph nodes and blood vessels
- 50% chance survival
- surgery & immunotherapy
ABCD Rule
- Asymmetry
- Border irregularity
- Color
- Diameter
Fetal Skin
-lanugo:down type of hair(shed by birth)
Right at birth skin
-Vernix caseosa: white, cheesy substance made by sebaceous glands for protection of baby’s skin while in mother’s fluids
Newborn skin
- thin
- can contain milia: small white spots on nose and forehead from accumulation of sebum
Baby skin
- becomes thicker and moist
- more subcutaneous fat is deposited
Adolescent skin
-skin and hair become more oily
Young adult skin
-acne is optimal
Old people skin
- skin dries out
- subcutaneous tissue decreases
- elasticity decreases
50+ hair
- hair follicles have decreased by 1/3
- hair thinning/baldness = alopecia
Athlete’s foot description
- AKA tinea pedis
- scaly rash that usually causes itching, stinging, and burning
- contagious
Athlete’s foot location
any part of epidermis
Athlete’s foot cause
- tinea fungus
- wearing sweaty, tight shoes
Boils and Carbuncles Description
- inflammation of follicle
- painful, pus-filled bumps that grow until they rupture
- carbuncles are clusters of boils
boils and carbuncles location
dermis, sebaceous glands, hair follicle
boils and carbuncles cause
- staphylococcus aureus
- bacteria infects/inflames hair follicles
-itis
inflammation
Cold sores description
-groups of small lesions on skin and around mouth
cold sores location
dermis around cutaneous nerve
cold sores cause
-herpes simplex virus thru break in skin or inside mouth
contact dermatitis description
- red, itchy rash
- not contagious
contact dermatitis location
-epidermis
contact dermatitis cause
-soaps, cosmetics, fragrance, jewelry, plants, any allergic reaction
impetigo description
- highly contagious skin infection
- commonly found in infants and children
- red sores on face that burst
impetigo location
-epidermis and dermis
impetigo cause
- staphylococcus aureus
- streptococcus pyogens
- likely to develop if child’s skin has already been irritated
psoriasis description
- causes cells to build up rapidly
- extra skin cells form thick silvery scales and itchy dry red patches that can be painful
psoriasis location
epidermis
psoriasis cause
- infections
- injury to skin
- stress
- cold weather
- smoking
- heavy alcohol consumption
- certain meds
eczema description
- aka atopic dermatitis
- makes skin red and itchy
- common in children
- oozing lesions
eczema location
- epidermis
- stratum corneum
eczema cause
- unknown
- possibly linked to allergic disease
MRSA description
- inflammation of fat
- sores, boils, other infections of skin
- can infect surgical wounds, bloodstream, lungs, urinary tract
MRSA location
-epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
MRSA cause
- methicilin resistant staphylococcus aureus
- strain of staph bacteria that’s resistant to antibiotics
- mostly occur in health care setting
