Integumentary System Flashcards
1
Q
Two major groups of body membranes
A
- epithelial membranes
- connective tissue membranes
2
Q
Body membranes function
A
cover surfaces, line body cavities, form protective sheets around organs
3
Q
Epithelial membranes
A
- not just made of epithelial tissue
- cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes
4
Q
Connective tissue membranes
A
- made just of connective tissue
- synovial membrane
5
Q
Cutaneous membrane
A
- aka skin
- composed of keratinized stratified squamous & dense connective tissue
- dry membrane, exposed to air
6
Q
Mucous membrane
A
- cavities open to exterior
- composed of various epithelial tissue and lamina propria
- exposed to secretions, making it a wet membrane
7
Q
Serous membrane
A
- cavities closed to exterior
- composed of simple squamous on top of areolar tissue
- occurs in pairs: parietal layer(lines specific wall of cavity) and visceral layer(covers outside of organs in cavity)
- layers separated by serous fluid
8
Q
Different names for serous membrane
A
- peritoneum: abdominal cavity & organs
- pleura: lungs
- pericardium: heart
9
Q
Synovial Membranes
A
- composed of areolar tissue
- line fibrous capsules surrounding JOINTS
- line small sacs of connective tissue called BURSAE and TENDON SHEATH
- function: to cushion organs during movement
10
Q
Functions of integumentary system
A
- protection
- excretion of wastes
- insulation and cushioning
- manufactures proteins and vitamin d
11
Q
Epidermis
A
- made of 5 layers
- contains melanin
12
Q
5 layers of epidermis
A
- stratum basale
- stratum spinosum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum corneum
13
Q
Stratum basale
A
- deepest layer of epidermis
- constantly undergoing cell division pushing daughter cells into spinosum and granulosum
14
Q
stratum lucidum
A
- keratinized
- occurs where skin is hairless and extra thick
- ex: palms and soles
15
Q
stratum corneum
A
-extra keratin for protection
16
Q
Melanin
A
- pigment that determines skin color
- produced my melanocytes
- stratum basale
- acts as umbrella over nuclei for protection
- yellow, reddish brown, black
17
Q
Carotene
A
- orange-yellow
- found in vegetables
18
Q
Hemoglobin
A
-color of red blood cells found in dermal blood vessels
19
Q
Herpes Simplex
A
- AKA cold sores
- overexposure to sunlight causes damage to skin
20
Q
Erythema
A
- AKA redness
- reddened skin indicates embarrassment(blushing)
- fever
- hypertension
- inflammation
- allergy
21
Q
Pallor
A
- AKA blanching
- triggered by emotional stress
- paleness due to anemia
- hypotension
- impaired blood flow
22
Q
Jaundice
A
- AKA yellow cast
- signifies liver condition due to excess bile pigments in blood
23
Q
Bruises
A
- when blood escapes circulation and is clotted in tissue spaces
- hematoma
24
Q
Dermis
A
- varies in thickness by location
- two regions: papillary & reticular
25
Papillary layer structure
- upper dermal region
| - uneven w fingerlike projections called dermal papillae
26
Papillary layer function
- furnish epidermis w nutrients
- contain pain receptors
- increase friction and grabbing
27
Reticular layer structure
- deepest dermal layer
- contains blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, deep pressure receptors
- made of collagen and elastic fibers
- well vascularized
28
Reticular layer function
- toughness
- keep skin hydrated
- cause elasticity
- regulate body temp
29
Decubitus ulcers
- in bedridden patients who aren't turned regularly
- pressure from body reduces blood supply and skin becomes pale
- cells begin to die, causing cracks
30
Appendages of skin
- cutaneous glands
- hairs
- hair follicles
- nails
31
Cutaneous Glands
- all exocrine glands
- sebaceous
- sudoriferous
32
Sebaceous glands
- AKA oil glands
- all over skin except palms and soles
- ducts empty into hair follicles
- produce sebum
33
Sebum
- keeps skin moist
| - infection and blockage can cause acne
34
Sudoriferous glands
- aka sweat glands
- produce sweat
- 2 types: eccrine and apocrine
35
Eccrine glands
-produce sweat thru pores
36
Apocrine glands
-produce fatty acids and protein secretions along with sweat
37
Hair function
- protect head
- shield eyes
- help keep foreign particles out of respiratory system
- insulation
38
Hair structure
- hair follicle
- hair shaft
- root
- formed by dicision of stratum basale in hair bulb matrix
- as daughter cells are pushed away, become keratinized and die
- core=medula
- middle layer=cortex
- outer layer = cuticle
39
Hair follicle
-inner epidermal sheath & outer dermal sheath
40
Arrector pilli
- muscle that causes goose bumps
| - connected to dermal tissue on hair follicle
41
Nails
- free edge, body, root
| - nonliving
42
Nail folds
border of nail overlapped by skin
43
nail cuticle
thick proximal nail fold
44
Nail bed
stratum basale extends beneath nail
45
Nail matrix
responsible for nail growth
46
Burns
- tissue damage and cell death
- caused by intense heat, electricity, UV radiations, certain chemicals
- burned skin is sterile for 24 hours
47
Resulting problems w burns
- lose supply of fluids containing proteins and electrolytes
- dehydration/electrolyte imbalance
- shutdown of kidneys
- circulatory shock
- pathogens invade easily and multiply rapidly
- immune system depresses w/in 1-2 days after injury
48
Rule of nines
- burns
- divides body in 11 areas
- each area accounts for 9% of body surface area
- genitals are 1%
49
First degree burns
- only epidermis is damaged
- area becomes red & swollen
- heal w/in 2-3 days
- partial thickness burn
50
2nd degree burns
- epidermis and upper dermis are damaged
- are is red, painful, and possibly forms blisters
- regeneration can occur, no infection
- partial thickness burn
51
3rd degree burn
- destroys entire thickness of skin
- area appears blanched
- nerve endings are destroyed
- regeneration is not possible
- skin grafting
- full thickness burn
52
Burns are considered critical if...
- 25%+ of body has 2nd degree
- 10%+ of body has 3rd degree
- 3rd degree on face, hands, or feet
- face burns can burn respiratory passageway, causing swelling and possible suffocation
- joint injuries can limit mobility
53
skin cancer
- most common type of cancer in humans
- cause is unknown
- risk factor=overexposure to UV rays
- other factors=infections, chemicals, physical trauma, etc
54
basal cell carcinoma
- least malignant, most common
- cells of stratum basale are altered so they can't make keratin
- cells proliferate and invade dermis and hypodermis
- appear as shiny, dome shaped
- develop ulcer w pearly edge
- 99% fully cured cases
55
squamous cell carcinoma
- stratum spinosum cells altered
- lesion appears scaly, reddened papule
- forms shallow ulcer w raised border
- often on scalp, ears, dorsum of hands, lower lip
- grows rapidly, metastisizes to adjacent lymph node
56
Malignant melanoma
- cancer of melanocytes
- 5% of skin cancers
- spreading brown/black patch
- metastasizes rapidly to surrounding lymph nodes and blood vessels
- 50% chance survival
- surgery & immunotherapy
57
ABCD Rule
- Asymmetry
- Border irregularity
- Color
- Diameter
58
Fetal Skin
-lanugo:down type of hair(shed by birth)
59
Right at birth skin
-Vernix caseosa: white, cheesy substance made by sebaceous glands for protection of baby's skin while in mother's fluids
60
Newborn skin
- thin
| - can contain milia: small white spots on nose and forehead from accumulation of sebum
61
Baby skin
- becomes thicker and moist
| - more subcutaneous fat is deposited
62
Adolescent skin
-skin and hair become more oily
63
Young adult skin
-acne is optimal
64
Old people skin
- skin dries out
- subcutaneous tissue decreases
- elasticity decreases
65
50+ hair
- hair follicles have decreased by 1/3
| - hair thinning/baldness = alopecia
66
Athlete's foot description
- AKA tinea pedis
- scaly rash that usually causes itching, stinging, and burning
- contagious
67
Athlete's foot location
any part of epidermis
68
Athlete's foot cause
- tinea fungus
| - wearing sweaty, tight shoes
69
Boils and Carbuncles Description
- inflammation of follicle
- painful, pus-filled bumps that grow until they rupture
- carbuncles are clusters of boils
70
boils and carbuncles location
dermis, sebaceous glands, hair follicle
71
boils and carbuncles cause
- staphylococcus aureus
| - bacteria infects/inflames hair follicles
72
-itis
inflammation
73
Cold sores description
-groups of small lesions on skin and around mouth
74
cold sores location
dermis around cutaneous nerve
75
cold sores cause
-herpes simplex virus thru break in skin or inside mouth
76
contact dermatitis description
- red, itchy rash
| - not contagious
77
contact dermatitis location
-epidermis
78
contact dermatitis cause
-soaps, cosmetics, fragrance, jewelry, plants, any allergic reaction
79
impetigo description
- highly contagious skin infection
- commonly found in infants and children
- red sores on face that burst
80
impetigo location
-epidermis and dermis
81
impetigo cause
- staphylococcus aureus
- streptococcus pyogens
- likely to develop if child's skin has already been irritated
82
psoriasis description
- causes cells to build up rapidly
| - extra skin cells form thick silvery scales and itchy dry red patches that can be painful
83
psoriasis location
epidermis
84
psoriasis cause
- infections
- injury to skin
- stress
- cold weather
- smoking
- heavy alcohol consumption
- certain meds
85
eczema description
- aka atopic dermatitis
- makes skin red and itchy
- common in children
- oozing lesions
86
eczema location
- epidermis
| - stratum corneum
87
eczema cause
- unknown
| - possibly linked to allergic disease
88
MRSA description
- inflammation of fat
- sores, boils, other infections of skin
- can infect surgical wounds, bloodstream, lungs, urinary tract
89
MRSA location
-epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
90
MRSA cause
- methicilin resistant staphylococcus aureus
- strain of staph bacteria that's resistant to antibiotics
- mostly occur in health care setting
