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Anatomy & Physiology > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Two major groups of body membranes

A
  • epithelial membranes

- connective tissue membranes

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2
Q

Body membranes function

A

cover surfaces, line body cavities, form protective sheets around organs

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3
Q

Epithelial membranes

A
  • not just made of epithelial tissue

- cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes

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4
Q

Connective tissue membranes

A
  • made just of connective tissue

- synovial membrane

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5
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A
  • aka skin
  • composed of keratinized stratified squamous & dense connective tissue
  • dry membrane, exposed to air
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6
Q

Mucous membrane

A
  • cavities open to exterior
  • composed of various epithelial tissue and lamina propria
  • exposed to secretions, making it a wet membrane
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7
Q

Serous membrane

A
  • cavities closed to exterior
  • composed of simple squamous on top of areolar tissue
  • occurs in pairs: parietal layer(lines specific wall of cavity) and visceral layer(covers outside of organs in cavity)
  • layers separated by serous fluid
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8
Q

Different names for serous membrane

A
  • peritoneum: abdominal cavity & organs
  • pleura: lungs
  • pericardium: heart
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9
Q

Synovial Membranes

A
  • composed of areolar tissue
  • line fibrous capsules surrounding JOINTS
  • line small sacs of connective tissue called BURSAE and TENDON SHEATH
  • function: to cushion organs during movement
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10
Q

Functions of integumentary system

A
  • protection
  • excretion of wastes
  • insulation and cushioning
  • manufactures proteins and vitamin d
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11
Q

Epidermis

A
  • made of 5 layers

- contains melanin

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12
Q

5 layers of epidermis

A
  • stratum basale
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum corneum
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13
Q

Stratum basale

A
  • deepest layer of epidermis

- constantly undergoing cell division pushing daughter cells into spinosum and granulosum

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14
Q

stratum lucidum

A
  • keratinized
  • occurs where skin is hairless and extra thick
  • ex: palms and soles
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15
Q

stratum corneum

A

-extra keratin for protection

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16
Q

Melanin

A
  • pigment that determines skin color
  • produced my melanocytes
  • stratum basale
  • acts as umbrella over nuclei for protection
  • yellow, reddish brown, black
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17
Q

Carotene

A
  • orange-yellow

- found in vegetables

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18
Q

Hemoglobin

A

-color of red blood cells found in dermal blood vessels

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19
Q

Herpes Simplex

A
  • AKA cold sores

- overexposure to sunlight causes damage to skin

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20
Q

Erythema

A
  • AKA redness
  • reddened skin indicates embarrassment(blushing)
  • fever
  • hypertension
  • inflammation
  • allergy
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21
Q

Pallor

A
  • AKA blanching
  • triggered by emotional stress
  • paleness due to anemia
  • hypotension
  • impaired blood flow
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22
Q

Jaundice

A
  • AKA yellow cast

- signifies liver condition due to excess bile pigments in blood

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23
Q

Bruises

A
  • when blood escapes circulation and is clotted in tissue spaces
  • hematoma
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24
Q

Dermis

A
  • varies in thickness by location

- two regions: papillary & reticular

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25
Q

Papillary layer structure

A
  • upper dermal region

- uneven w fingerlike projections called dermal papillae

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26
Q

Papillary layer function

A
  • furnish epidermis w nutrients
  • contain pain receptors
  • increase friction and grabbing
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27
Q

Reticular layer structure

A
  • deepest dermal layer
  • contains blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, deep pressure receptors
  • made of collagen and elastic fibers
  • well vascularized
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28
Q

Reticular layer function

A
  • toughness
  • keep skin hydrated
  • cause elasticity
  • regulate body temp
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29
Q

Decubitus ulcers

A
  • in bedridden patients who aren’t turned regularly
  • pressure from body reduces blood supply and skin becomes pale
  • cells begin to die, causing cracks
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30
Q

Appendages of skin

A
  • cutaneous glands
  • hairs
  • hair follicles
  • nails
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31
Q

Cutaneous Glands

A
  • all exocrine glands
  • sebaceous
  • sudoriferous
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32
Q

Sebaceous glands

A
  • AKA oil glands
  • all over skin except palms and soles
  • ducts empty into hair follicles
  • produce sebum
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33
Q

Sebum

A
  • keeps skin moist

- infection and blockage can cause acne

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34
Q

Sudoriferous glands

A
  • aka sweat glands
  • produce sweat
  • 2 types: eccrine and apocrine
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35
Q

Eccrine glands

A

-produce sweat thru pores

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36
Q

Apocrine glands

A

-produce fatty acids and protein secretions along with sweat

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37
Q

Hair function

A
  • protect head
  • shield eyes
  • help keep foreign particles out of respiratory system
  • insulation
38
Q

Hair structure

A
  • hair follicle
  • hair shaft
  • root
  • formed by dicision of stratum basale in hair bulb matrix
  • as daughter cells are pushed away, become keratinized and die
  • core=medula
  • middle layer=cortex
  • outer layer = cuticle
39
Q

Hair follicle

A

-inner epidermal sheath & outer dermal sheath

40
Q

Arrector pilli

A
  • muscle that causes goose bumps

- connected to dermal tissue on hair follicle

41
Q

Nails

A
  • free edge, body, root

- nonliving

42
Q

Nail folds

A

border of nail overlapped by skin

43
Q

nail cuticle

A

thick proximal nail fold

44
Q

Nail bed

A

stratum basale extends beneath nail

45
Q

Nail matrix

A

responsible for nail growth

46
Q

Burns

A
  • tissue damage and cell death
  • caused by intense heat, electricity, UV radiations, certain chemicals
  • burned skin is sterile for 24 hours
47
Q

Resulting problems w burns

A
  • lose supply of fluids containing proteins and electrolytes
  • dehydration/electrolyte imbalance
  • shutdown of kidneys
  • circulatory shock
  • pathogens invade easily and multiply rapidly
  • immune system depresses w/in 1-2 days after injury
48
Q

Rule of nines

A
  • burns
  • divides body in 11 areas
  • each area accounts for 9% of body surface area
  • genitals are 1%
49
Q

First degree burns

A
  • only epidermis is damaged
  • area becomes red & swollen
  • heal w/in 2-3 days
  • partial thickness burn
50
Q

2nd degree burns

A
  • epidermis and upper dermis are damaged
  • are is red, painful, and possibly forms blisters
  • regeneration can occur, no infection
  • partial thickness burn
51
Q

3rd degree burn

A
  • destroys entire thickness of skin
  • area appears blanched
  • nerve endings are destroyed
  • regeneration is not possible
  • skin grafting
  • full thickness burn
52
Q

Burns are considered critical if…

A
  • 25%+ of body has 2nd degree
  • 10%+ of body has 3rd degree
  • 3rd degree on face, hands, or feet
  • face burns can burn respiratory passageway, causing swelling and possible suffocation
  • joint injuries can limit mobility
53
Q

skin cancer

A
  • most common type of cancer in humans
  • cause is unknown
  • risk factor=overexposure to UV rays
  • other factors=infections, chemicals, physical trauma, etc
54
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A
  • least malignant, most common
  • cells of stratum basale are altered so they can’t make keratin
  • cells proliferate and invade dermis and hypodermis
  • appear as shiny, dome shaped
  • develop ulcer w pearly edge
  • 99% fully cured cases
55
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • stratum spinosum cells altered
  • lesion appears scaly, reddened papule
  • forms shallow ulcer w raised border
  • often on scalp, ears, dorsum of hands, lower lip
  • grows rapidly, metastisizes to adjacent lymph node
56
Q

Malignant melanoma

A
  • cancer of melanocytes
  • 5% of skin cancers
  • spreading brown/black patch
  • metastasizes rapidly to surrounding lymph nodes and blood vessels
  • 50% chance survival
  • surgery & immunotherapy
57
Q

ABCD Rule

A
  • Asymmetry
  • Border irregularity
  • Color
  • Diameter
58
Q

Fetal Skin

A

-lanugo:down type of hair(shed by birth)

59
Q

Right at birth skin

A

-Vernix caseosa: white, cheesy substance made by sebaceous glands for protection of baby’s skin while in mother’s fluids

60
Q

Newborn skin

A
  • thin

- can contain milia: small white spots on nose and forehead from accumulation of sebum

61
Q

Baby skin

A
  • becomes thicker and moist

- more subcutaneous fat is deposited

62
Q

Adolescent skin

A

-skin and hair become more oily

63
Q

Young adult skin

A

-acne is optimal

64
Q

Old people skin

A
  • skin dries out
  • subcutaneous tissue decreases
  • elasticity decreases
65
Q

50+ hair

A
  • hair follicles have decreased by 1/3

- hair thinning/baldness = alopecia

66
Q

Athlete’s foot description

A
  • AKA tinea pedis
  • scaly rash that usually causes itching, stinging, and burning
  • contagious
67
Q

Athlete’s foot location

A

any part of epidermis

68
Q

Athlete’s foot cause

A
  • tinea fungus

- wearing sweaty, tight shoes

69
Q

Boils and Carbuncles Description

A
  • inflammation of follicle
  • painful, pus-filled bumps that grow until they rupture
  • carbuncles are clusters of boils
70
Q

boils and carbuncles location

A

dermis, sebaceous glands, hair follicle

71
Q

boils and carbuncles cause

A
  • staphylococcus aureus

- bacteria infects/inflames hair follicles

72
Q

-itis

A

inflammation

73
Q

Cold sores description

A

-groups of small lesions on skin and around mouth

74
Q

cold sores location

A

dermis around cutaneous nerve

75
Q

cold sores cause

A

-herpes simplex virus thru break in skin or inside mouth

76
Q

contact dermatitis description

A
  • red, itchy rash

- not contagious

77
Q

contact dermatitis location

A

-epidermis

78
Q

contact dermatitis cause

A

-soaps, cosmetics, fragrance, jewelry, plants, any allergic reaction

79
Q

impetigo description

A
  • highly contagious skin infection
  • commonly found in infants and children
  • red sores on face that burst
80
Q

impetigo location

A

-epidermis and dermis

81
Q

impetigo cause

A
  • staphylococcus aureus
  • streptococcus pyogens
  • likely to develop if child’s skin has already been irritated
82
Q

psoriasis description

A
  • causes cells to build up rapidly

- extra skin cells form thick silvery scales and itchy dry red patches that can be painful

83
Q

psoriasis location

A

epidermis

84
Q

psoriasis cause

A
  • infections
  • injury to skin
  • stress
  • cold weather
  • smoking
  • heavy alcohol consumption
  • certain meds
85
Q

eczema description

A
  • aka atopic dermatitis
  • makes skin red and itchy
  • common in children
  • oozing lesions
86
Q

eczema location

A
  • epidermis

- stratum corneum

87
Q

eczema cause

A
  • unknown

- possibly linked to allergic disease

88
Q

MRSA description

A
  • inflammation of fat
  • sores, boils, other infections of skin
  • can infect surgical wounds, bloodstream, lungs, urinary tract
89
Q

MRSA location

A

-epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

90
Q

MRSA cause

A
  • methicilin resistant staphylococcus aureus
  • strain of staph bacteria that’s resistant to antibiotics
  • mostly occur in health care setting

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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