Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
structural classification of nervous system
A
CNS and PNS
2
Q
Functional classification of nervous system
A
sensory (afferent) division and motor (efferent) division
3
Q
CNS
A
- brain and spinal cord
- act as integration and command center of nervous system
- interprets incoming sensory information & issues instructions based on past experiences and current conditions
4
Q
PNS
A
- spinal nerves and cranial nerves
- serve as communication lines, linking all parts of body
5
Q
spinal nerves
A
impulses to and from spinal cord
6
Q
cranial nerves
A
impulses to and from brain
7
Q
sensory division
A
- aka afferent division
- nerves that convey impulses to CNS
- skin, skeletal muscle, and joints: somatic sensory fibers
- visceral organs: visceral sensory fibers
8
Q
motor division
A
- aka efferent division
- carries impulses from cns to effector organs, muscles, and glands
- brings about a motor response
- divided into somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
9
Q
somatic nervous system
A
- allows for the conscious control of skeletal muscle
- voluntary nervous system
10
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
- regulates involuntary events, such as cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands
- involuntary nervous system
- contains sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
11
Q
2 types of cells nervous system is made up of
A
supporting cells and neurons
12
Q
supporting cells
A
aka neuroglia
- includes many types of glia that provide support, insulate, and protect neurons
- don’t transmit impulses
- never lose ability to divide
13
Q
neurons
A
- transmit impulses
- can not divide
14
Q
astrocytes
A
- in CNS
- contains numerous projections that anchor them between capillaries and neurons, exchanging materials between them
- protects and controls chemical environment of brain
15
Q
microglia
A
- In CNS
- spiderlike phagocytes that dispose of debris
16
Q
ependymal cells
A
- in CNS
- line cavities of brain and spinal cord using cilia to circulate cerebral spinal fluid and to form a protective cushion around cns
17
Q
oligodendrocytes
A
in CNS
- contains flat extensions to wrap tightly around nerve fibers
- fatty insulation covers
18
Q
schwann cells
A
in PNS
-form from myelin sheaths around nerve fibers
19
Q
satellite cells
A
-act as protective cushioning cells
20
Q
neuron anatomy
A
cell body
at least one process extending from body
myelin
21
Q
cell body
A
contains nucleus
acts as metabolic center
lots of ER and neurofibrils
22
Q
processes
A
used in messaging
- dendrites
- axons
23
Q
dendrites
A
convey message toward cell body
24
Q
axons
A
conduct impulse away from cell body
25
sensory neurons
carry impulses to cns
aka afferent neurons
cutaneous sense receptors
proprioreceptors
26
cutaneous sense receptors
detect pain with heat, cold, or pressure
27
proprioreceptors
receptors of muscles and tendons
| detect amount of stretch/tension
28
motor neurons
efferent neurons
| carry impulse to muscle or gland
29
association neurons
aka interneurons
| connect motor and sensory neurons
30
multipolar neuron
neuron with several processes
| motor and association neurons
31
bipolar neuron
2 processes
have one axon, one dendrite
receptors in only adult eye and ear
32
unipolar neuron
```
one process (very short)
process divides into proximal and distal fibers (conducts impulse towards and away from cell body)
sensory neurons in pns ganglia
```
33
2 types of impulses
irritability and conductivity
34
irritability
neurons use sodium-potassium pump inside cells to create difference in charges
35
conductivity
ability to transmit impulse to other neurons, muscles, or glands
36
reflexes
- rapid, predictable, involuntary response to stimuli
- occur over neural pathways called reflex arcs
- autonomic and somatic
37
reflex arcs
contain sensory receptor, effector organ, afferent and efferent neurons, and integration center
38
autonomic reflex
regulate activity of smooth muscles, heart, and glands
| -ex: salivary and pupillary reflex
39
somatic
stimulate skeletal muscles
| -ex: pull hand away from hot surface
40
cranial nerves
- olfactory
- optic
- oculomotor
- trochlear
- trigeminal
- abducens
- facial
- vestibulocochlear
- glossopharyngeal
- vagus
- accessory
- hypoglossal
41
olfactory nerve function
sensory; sense of smell
42
optic nerve function
vision
43
oculomotor nerve function
supplies motor fibers to 4 of the 6 muscles that move the eyeball
44
trochlear nerve function
supplies motor fibers for superior oblique eye muscle
45
trigeminal nerve function
conducts sensory impulses from skin of face, mucosa of nose, mouth
-activates chewing
46
abducens nerve function
supplies motor fibers to lateral rectus muscle
47
facial nerve function
activates muscles of facial expression, lacrimal & salivary glands, sensory impulse from taste buds of anterior tongue
48
vestibulocochlear nerve function
balance and hearing
49
glossopharyngeal nerve function
promote swallowing and saliva production
carries impulse from taste buds (posterior tongue) and pressure receptors of carotid artery
50
vagus nerve function
impulses to and from pharynx, larynx, and viscera
51
accessory nerve function
activate sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
52
hypoglossal nerve function
control tongue movements
53
4 major nerve plexi
cervical
brachial
lumbar
sacral
54
major nerve within cervical plexus
phrenic
55
major nerve within brachial plexus
```
axillary
radial
median
musculocutaneous
ulnar
```
56
major nerve within lumbar plexus
femoral
| obturator
57
major nerve within sacral plexus
sciatic
superior
inferior gluteal
58
distribution of cervical nerve plexus
diaphragm and muscles of shoulder and neck
59
distribution of brachial nerve plexus
```
deltoid
triceps
forearm extensor
hand muscles
arm flexors
wrist muscles
```
60
distribution of lumbar nerve plexus
```
lower abdomen
buttocks
anterior thighs
skin of antermedial leg and thigh
adductor muscles of medial thigh
small hip muscles
skin of medial thigh
hip joint
```
61
distribution of sacral nerve plexus
```
lower trunk
posterior surface of thigh
lateral leg and foot
posterior leg and foot
gluteus muscles of hip
```
62
function of sympathetic division of ANS
```
mobilizes body during extreme situations
fight or flight
heart rate/blood pressure increase
lung bronchioles dilate
blood vessels dilate
withdrawal of blood from digestive organs
```
63
function of parasympathetic division
most active when body is at rest
| bp and heart rate regulated at normal level
64
factors that may harm brain development
smoking/alcohol/drugs
65
why does our brain decline as we age
neurons can't regenerate so as they die, the sympathetic nervous system becomes less efficient. shrinking can be quickened by alcoholism or boxing, which leads to senility
66
how does cns develop from embryonic to adult form
- first appears as neural tube
- begins to form during first month of embryonic development
- hypothalamus matures the latest
- brain reaches max weight in young adulthood
- then begins to disintegrate
67
four major regions of brain
cerebral hemisphere
cerebellum
brain stem
diencephalon
68
gyri
elevated rides of tissue (brain wrinkles)
69
sulci
shallow groves of tissue (brain wrinkles)
70
fissures
deep grooves of tissue (brain wrinkles)
71
four lobes of cerebral hemisphere
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
72
frontal lobe function
skeletal muscle movement
| decision making
73
parietal lobe function
recognize pain, cold, light touch
74
temporal lobe function
auditory
75
occipital lobe function
vision
76
broca's area
- found on anterior portion of frontal lobe (precentral gyrus)
- helps us speak
77
corpus callosum
- large fiber tract that connects the cerebral hemispheres
| - allows them to communicate with one another
78
3 major structures of diencephalon
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- epithalamus
79
thalamus function
relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to sensory cortex
80
hypothalamus function
plays a role in regulating body temp, water balance, and metabolism
81
epithalamus function
forms cerebral spinal fluid and aids in parts of endocrine system
regulates emotions/drives secretion of melatonin
82
what are the three structures of the brain stem
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
83
midbrain function
vision and hearing
84
pons
control breathing
85
medulla oblongata
regulates visceral activities, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, swallowing, vomiting
86
reticular formation
extends entire length of brain stem.
involved in motor control of visceral organs
damage can cause permanent unconsciousness
87
cerebellum function
- provides precise timing for skeletal muscle activity
| - controls balance and equilibrium
88
cranial bones
encase brain to prevent severe damage
89
meninges
made up of dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
90
dura mater
double-layered membrane that surrounds brain
91
arachnoid mater
threadlike extensions that span subarachnoid space to attach to pia mater
92
pia mater
clings to brain surface and spinal cord
93
cerebrospinal fluid
'broth' made up of protein, vitamin c, ions
| formed from blood that continuously circulates throughout brain
94
blood-brain barrier
composed of least permeable capillaries prevents metabolic waste from entering brain tissue
95
four spinal nerve regions
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
96
what is the cauda equina
collection of spinal nerves at inferior end of the vertebral canal
