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Anatomy & Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

structural classification of nervous system

A

CNS and PNS

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2
Q

Functional classification of nervous system

A

sensory (afferent) division and motor (efferent) division

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3
Q

CNS

A
  • brain and spinal cord
  • act as integration and command center of nervous system
  • interprets incoming sensory information & issues instructions based on past experiences and current conditions
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4
Q

PNS

A
  • spinal nerves and cranial nerves

- serve as communication lines, linking all parts of body

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5
Q

spinal nerves

A

impulses to and from spinal cord

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6
Q

cranial nerves

A

impulses to and from brain

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7
Q

sensory division

A
  • aka afferent division
  • nerves that convey impulses to CNS
  • skin, skeletal muscle, and joints: somatic sensory fibers
  • visceral organs: visceral sensory fibers
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8
Q

motor division

A
  • aka efferent division
  • carries impulses from cns to effector organs, muscles, and glands
  • brings about a motor response
  • divided into somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
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9
Q

somatic nervous system

A
  • allows for the conscious control of skeletal muscle

- voluntary nervous system

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10
Q

autonomic nervous system

A
  • regulates involuntary events, such as cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands
  • involuntary nervous system
  • contains sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
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11
Q

2 types of cells nervous system is made up of

A

supporting cells and neurons

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12
Q

supporting cells

A

aka neuroglia

  • includes many types of glia that provide support, insulate, and protect neurons
  • don’t transmit impulses
  • never lose ability to divide
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13
Q

neurons

A
  • transmit impulses

- can not divide

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14
Q

astrocytes

A
  • in CNS
  • contains numerous projections that anchor them between capillaries and neurons, exchanging materials between them
  • protects and controls chemical environment of brain
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15
Q

microglia

A
  • In CNS

- spiderlike phagocytes that dispose of debris

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16
Q

ependymal cells

A
  • in CNS
  • line cavities of brain and spinal cord using cilia to circulate cerebral spinal fluid and to form a protective cushion around cns
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17
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

in CNS

  • contains flat extensions to wrap tightly around nerve fibers
  • fatty insulation covers
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18
Q

schwann cells

A

in PNS

-form from myelin sheaths around nerve fibers

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19
Q

satellite cells

A

-act as protective cushioning cells

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20
Q

neuron anatomy

A

cell body
at least one process extending from body
myelin

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21
Q

cell body

A

contains nucleus
acts as metabolic center
lots of ER and neurofibrils

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22
Q

processes

A

used in messaging

  • dendrites
  • axons
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23
Q

dendrites

A

convey message toward cell body

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24
Q

axons

A

conduct impulse away from cell body

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25
Q

sensory neurons

A

carry impulses to cns
aka afferent neurons
cutaneous sense receptors
proprioreceptors

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26
Q

cutaneous sense receptors

A

detect pain with heat, cold, or pressure

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27
Q

proprioreceptors

A

receptors of muscles and tendons

detect amount of stretch/tension

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28
Q

motor neurons

A

efferent neurons

carry impulse to muscle or gland

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29
Q

association neurons

A

aka interneurons

connect motor and sensory neurons

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30
Q

multipolar neuron

A

neuron with several processes

motor and association neurons

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31
Q

bipolar neuron

A

2 processes
have one axon, one dendrite
receptors in only adult eye and ear

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32
Q

unipolar neuron

A 
one process (very short)
process divides into proximal and distal fibers (conducts impulse towards and away from cell body)
sensory neurons in pns ganglia
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33
Q

2 types of impulses

A

irritability and conductivity

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34
Q

irritability

A

neurons use sodium-potassium pump inside cells to create difference in charges

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35
Q

conductivity

A

ability to transmit impulse to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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36
Q

reflexes

A
  • rapid, predictable, involuntary response to stimuli
  • occur over neural pathways called reflex arcs
  • autonomic and somatic
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37
Q

reflex arcs

A

contain sensory receptor, effector organ, afferent and efferent neurons, and integration center

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38
Q

autonomic reflex

A

regulate activity of smooth muscles, heart, and glands

-ex: salivary and pupillary reflex

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39
Q

somatic

A

stimulate skeletal muscles

-ex: pull hand away from hot surface

40
Q

cranial nerves

A
  • olfactory
  • optic
  • oculomotor
  • trochlear
  • trigeminal
  • abducens
  • facial
  • vestibulocochlear
  • glossopharyngeal
  • vagus
  • accessory
  • hypoglossal
41
Q

olfactory nerve function

A

sensory; sense of smell

42
Q

optic nerve function

A

vision

43
Q

oculomotor nerve function

A

supplies motor fibers to 4 of the 6 muscles that move the eyeball

44
Q

trochlear nerve function

A

supplies motor fibers for superior oblique eye muscle

45
Q

trigeminal nerve function

A

conducts sensory impulses from skin of face, mucosa of nose, mouth

-activates chewing

46
Q

abducens nerve function

A

supplies motor fibers to lateral rectus muscle

47
Q

facial nerve function

A

activates muscles of facial expression, lacrimal & salivary glands, sensory impulse from taste buds of anterior tongue

48
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve function

A

balance and hearing

49
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve function

A

promote swallowing and saliva production

carries impulse from taste buds (posterior tongue) and pressure receptors of carotid artery

50
Q

vagus nerve function

A

impulses to and from pharynx, larynx, and viscera

51
Q

accessory nerve function

A

activate sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

52
Q

hypoglossal nerve function

A

control tongue movements

53
Q

4 major nerve plexi

A

cervical
brachial
lumbar
sacral

54
Q

major nerve within cervical plexus

A

phrenic

55
Q

major nerve within brachial plexus

A 
axillary
radial
median
musculocutaneous
ulnar
56
Q

major nerve within lumbar plexus

A

femoral

obturator

57
Q

major nerve within sacral plexus

A

sciatic
superior
inferior gluteal

58
Q

distribution of cervical nerve plexus

A

diaphragm and muscles of shoulder and neck

59
Q

distribution of brachial nerve plexus

A 
deltoid
triceps
 forearm extensor
hand muscles
arm flexors
wrist muscles
60
Q

distribution of lumbar nerve plexus

A 
lower abdomen
buttocks
anterior thighs
skin of antermedial leg and thigh
adductor muscles of medial thigh
small hip muscles
skin of medial thigh
hip joint
61
Q

distribution of sacral nerve plexus

A 
lower trunk
posterior surface of thigh
lateral leg and foot
posterior leg and foot
gluteus muscles of hip
62
Q

function of sympathetic division of ANS

A 
mobilizes body during extreme situations
fight or flight
heart rate/blood pressure increase
lung bronchioles dilate
blood vessels dilate
withdrawal of blood from digestive organs
63
Q

function of parasympathetic division

A

most active when body is at rest

bp and heart rate regulated at normal level

64
Q

factors that may harm brain development

A

smoking/alcohol/drugs

65
Q

why does our brain decline as we age

A

neurons can’t regenerate so as they die, the sympathetic nervous system becomes less efficient. shrinking can be quickened by alcoholism or boxing, which leads to senility

66
Q

how does cns develop from embryonic to adult form

A
  • first appears as neural tube
  • begins to form during first month of embryonic development
  • hypothalamus matures the latest
  • brain reaches max weight in young adulthood
  • then begins to disintegrate
67
Q

four major regions of brain

A

cerebral hemisphere
cerebellum
brain stem
diencephalon

68
Q

gyri

A

elevated rides of tissue (brain wrinkles)

69
Q

sulci

A

shallow groves of tissue (brain wrinkles)

70
Q

fissures

A

deep grooves of tissue (brain wrinkles)

71
Q

four lobes of cerebral hemisphere

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

72
Q

frontal lobe function

A

skeletal muscle movement

decision making

73
Q

parietal lobe function

A

recognize pain, cold, light touch

74
Q

temporal lobe function

A

auditory

75
Q

occipital lobe function

A

vision

76
Q

broca’s area

A
  • found on anterior portion of frontal lobe (precentral gyrus)
  • helps us speak
77
Q

corpus callosum

A
  • large fiber tract that connects the cerebral hemispheres

- allows them to communicate with one another

78
Q

3 major structures of diencephalon

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
79
Q

thalamus function

A

relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to sensory cortex

80
Q

hypothalamus function

A

plays a role in regulating body temp, water balance, and metabolism

81
Q

epithalamus function

A

forms cerebral spinal fluid and aids in parts of endocrine system
regulates emotions/drives secretion of melatonin

82
Q

what are the three structures of the brain stem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

83
Q

midbrain function

A

vision and hearing

84
Q

pons

A

control breathing

85
Q

medulla oblongata

A

regulates visceral activities, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, swallowing, vomiting

86
Q

reticular formation

A

extends entire length of brain stem.
involved in motor control of visceral organs
damage can cause permanent unconsciousness

87
Q

cerebellum function

A
  • provides precise timing for skeletal muscle activity

- controls balance and equilibrium

88
Q

cranial bones

A

encase brain to prevent severe damage

89
Q

meninges

A

made up of dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

90
Q

dura mater

A

double-layered membrane that surrounds brain

91
Q

arachnoid mater

A

threadlike extensions that span subarachnoid space to attach to pia mater

92
Q

pia mater

A

clings to brain surface and spinal cord

93
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

‘broth’ made up of protein, vitamin c, ions

formed from blood that continuously circulates throughout brain

94
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

composed of least permeable capillaries prevents metabolic waste from entering brain tissue

95
Q

four spinal nerve regions

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral

96
Q

what is the cauda equina

A

collection of spinal nerves at inferior end of the vertebral canal

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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