Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
The skeletal system consists of what 4 things?
A
- Bones
- Cartilage
- Ligaments
- Tendons associated with bones
1
Q
Functions of the Skeletal System:
A
SUPPORT:
- Provides a rigid framework
- Supports the soft organs of the body
PROTECTION:
- Protects the soft body parts (Cranium, Vertebrae, and rib cage)
MOVEMENT:
- Bones and muscles work together to produce body movement
STORAGE:
-Calcium
- Fat (stored in the yellow bone marrow)
BLOOD CELL FORMATION
- Hematopoiesis
- Takes place mostly in red bone marrow
2
Q
What protects the brain? What protects the spinal cord? What protects the heart and lungs?
A
- Cranium
- Vertebrae
- Rib Cage
3
Q
Needed for vital metabolic processes. When blood calcium levels decrease what happens? When blood calcium levels increase what happens?
A
Calcium
- calcium is released from the bones
- excess calcium is stored in the bones
4
Q
What is stored in the yellow bone marrow?
A
Fat
5
Q
Blood cell formation of which include red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. What is this? Takes place mostly where though?
Found in most bones in an…?
With age, red bone marrow is largely replaced by what?
A
Hematopoiesis
- Red bone marrow
- in an infant
- yellow marrow (fat) storage
6
Q
Haversian system. Microscopic unit of compact bone. Packed tightly together to form a solid mass.
A
Osteon
7
Q
Haversian canal. Central canal in the osteon. Contains a blood vessel.
A
Osteonic (haversian) canal
8
Q
Concentric rings of hard calcified matrix that surrounds osteonic canals
A
Lamellae
9
Q
Bone cells
A
Osteocytes
10
Q
Spaces between the rings of matrix, which contain bone cells (osteocytes)
A
Lacunae
11
Q
Small channels that radiate from the lacunae to the osteonic canal. Provide passageway through the hard matrix.
A
Canaliculi
12
Q
Lighter and less dense than compact bone. What is this? Consists of plates of bone called what?
A
Spongy (cancellous) bone
- trabeculae
13
Q
Longer than they are wide. Consist of a long shaft with two bulky ends. What bone is this and what type of bone is this? May have a large amount of spongy bone at the ends.
A
Long bone
- primarily Compact bone
14
Q
What are examples of long bones?
A
- Thigh, leg, arm, and forearm
15
Q
Cube shaped. Covered by a thin layer of compact bone.
What is this bone and what is the bone this is considered to be primarily?
A
Short bones
- spongy bone it is mainly consisted off
16
Q
What are examples of short bones?
A
Bones of wrist and ankle
17
Q
Thin, flattened, and often curved. Arranged similar to a sandwich. Middle layer of spongy bone covered on each side by a layer of compact bone. What is this and what are some examples?
A
Flat bones
- Most of the bones of the cranium and scapula
18
Q
Primarily spongy, covered with a thin layer of compact bone. What is this and what are some examples?
A
Irregular bones
- Vertebrae and some skull bones
19
Q
Shaft of a bone. Consists of compact bone. Expanded portion at the end of a long bone. Spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone.
A
Diaphysis
20
Q
Space inside the shaft of a long bone. What is this? In adults, it contains what kind of bone marrow?
A
Medullary cavity
- yellow bone marrow
21
Q
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of long bones. Provides smooth surface for movement in the joints
A
Articular cartilage
22
Q
Plate of hyaline cartilage between the diaphysis and epiphysis. Bones grow in length here. What is this? Growth ceases when the cartilaginous epiphyseal plate is replaced by a what?
A
Epiphyseal plate
- bony epiphyseal line
23
Q
Tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers a long bone except in the region of the articular cartilage. What is this? What is it richly supplied with?
A
Periosteum
- Nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and osteoblasts
24
Small openings in the diaphysis of the bone for the passage of blood vessels.
Nutrient foramina
25
Thin connective tissue membrane that lines the medullary cavity
Endosteum
26
Also known as ossification. Process of bone formation
Osteogenesis
27
Bone-forming cells
Osteoblasts
28
Mature bone cells
Osteocytes
29
Break down and reabsorb bone
Osteoclasts
30
Hyalin cartilage in epiphyseal plate grows by what? What next to diaphysis age and degenerate? What ossify the matrix to form bone?
Mitosis
- Chondrocytes
- Osteoblasts
31
Bone growth continues throughout childhood and adolescence and ceases at what age? Then what happens to epiphyseal plate and epiphyseal line? Can bones no longer grow in length?
in early 20's
- completely ossifies, the epiphyseal line remains
-- Yes, can no longer grow in length
32
Bone growth occurs under the influence of what wo things? What are each secreted by?
- Growth hormone (secreted by anterior pituitary)
- Sex hormones (secreted by ovaries and testes)
33
Adult skeleton consists of how many bones? Axial skeleton consists of how many bones? Appendicular skeleton?
206 bones
- 80 bones
- 126 bones
34
Axial skeleton includes bones of what?
bones of the head, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
35
The skull is made up of how many bones? How many bones of cranium are interlocked to enclose the brain?
28
-8
36
Houses the brain
Skull
37
Air-filled cavities in the frontal bone. Reduce the weight of the skull
Paranasal frontal sinuses
38
Joined to each other in the midline by the sagittal suture. Joined to the frontal bone by the coronal suture
Parietal bones
39
Joined to the parietal bones by the lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
40
Large opening on the lower surface of the occipital bone. Spinal cord passes through this opening
Foramen magnum
41
Rounded processes on each side of the foramen magnum. Articulate with the first cervical vertebra. Can be felt on the back of the skull as rounded protuberances.
Occipital condyles
42
Meet the parietal bone at the squamous suture.
Temporal bones
43
Canal that leads to the middle ear.
External auditory meatus
44
Articulates with the mandible
Mandibular fossa
45
Contains air cells that drain into middle ear cavity
Mastoid process
46
Helps form the prominence of the cheek
Zygomatic process
47
A depression or trough, usually found where one bone meets another
fossa
48
Spans the entire width of the cranial floor. Contains paranasal sphenoid sinuses.
Sphenoid bone
49
two opening for the passage of the optic nerve
optic foramina
50
Forms most of the bony area between the nasal cavity and the orbits. Contains paranasal ethmoidal sinuses.
Ethmoid bone
51
Form the basic framework and shape of the face.
Facial Bones
52
Forms upper jaw, the lateral walls of the nose, the floor of the orbits, and the front of the roof of the mouth. What is this? What is the tooth socket in this location?
Maxillary bones
- Alveolar process
53
Form posterior portion of hard palate and lateral walls of nasal cavity.
Parietal bones
54
What is the largest sinus?
Maxillary sinus
55
Form the bridge of the nose
Nasal bones
56
Pathway for a tube that carries tears from eyes to nasal cavity
Lacrimal groove
57
Form the prominences of the cheeks. Temporal process that forms the zygomatic arch.
Zygomatic bones
58
Thin, curved bones attached to the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
Inferior nasal conchae
59
Helps to form the nasal septum
Vomer
60
Forms the lower jaw. What is this? What fits into mandibular fossa of the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint? What tooth socket is located here?
Mandible
- Mandibular condyle
- Alveolar process
61
Form a chain in each middle ear cavity in the temporal bone.
Auditory Ossicles
62
What 3 things transmit sound waves from the tympanic membrane to inner ear?
Malleus, incus, and stapes
63
U-shaped bone in the neck. Located between mandible and larynx. Only bone in the body that does not articulate directly with another bone.
Serves as a base for the tongue. Attachment for several muscles associated with swallowing
Hyoid bone
64
Extend from skull to pelvis.
Vertebral column
65
How many vertebrae consist of the vertebral column?
26
66
Pads of fibrocartilage that separate vertebrae.
What is this? What are the 2 functions?
Intervertebral disks
- Shock absorbers
- Allow vertebral column to bend
67
What increase strength and resilience of the vertebral column? What 4 parts does this include?
Four curvatures
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacral
68
What is the weight bearing portion of the vertebral column? What is the posterior curved portion of the vertebral column? What is the central large opening and when all the vertebral are stacked together in a column, the foramina of this makes a canal that contains the spinal cord?
- body (centrum)
- Vertebral arch
- Vertebral foramen
69
Project laterally from the vertebral arch. Place for muscle attachment.
Transverse processes
70
Projects from the posterior midline. Place for muscle attachment. Can be felt as bony projections long the midline of the back
Spinous process
71
Composition of the vertebral column...
Range (numbering) of each of the following vertebrae:
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
- Cervical: C1-C7
- Thoracic: T1-T12
- Lumbar: L1-L5
72
Make up the small of the back. Consists of large, heavy bodies. Supports most of the body weight. Have many back muscles attached to them.
Lumbar vertebrae of vertebral column
73
Triangular bone just below the lumbar vertebrae. Forms posterior wall of pelvic cavity.
Sacrum
74
Last part of vertebral column. What is this? What is it also called?
Coccyx (tailbone)
75
Protects heart, lungs, and great vessels. Supports bones of the shoulder girdle. Plays a role in breathing. What is this? What are it's components?
Thoracic Cage
- Thoracic vertebrae dorsally
- Ribs laterally
- Sternum and costal cartilage anteriorly
76
Part of the sternum. Is superior and includes the jugular notch and articulates with clavicles and first two pairs of ribs.
Manubrium
77
Indentation in the superior margin of the manubrium.
Jugular (suprasternal) notch
78
Middle part of the sternum. What is this?
- What is this... where manubrium and body meet (felt as a horizontal ridge)
- What is inferior part of the sternum?
- Body
- Sternal angle
- Xiphoid process
79
How many pairs of ribs are there? One pair attached to each of 12 of what vertebrae?
What are the upper 7 pairs of the ribs that attach to the sternum directly by costal cartilage?
-12 pairs
- thoracic vertebrae
- True ribs
80
Lower five pirs of ribs. Their costal cartilage does not reach sternum directly.
False ribs
81
First three pairs of false ribs. Reach sternum indirectly by joining with cartilage of ribs above
Vertebrochondral ribs
82
Bottom two rib pairs that have no anterior attachment.
Vertebral ribs (floating ribs)
83
How many bones consist of the appendicular skeleton? What is the appendicular skeleton designed for?
-126 bones
- Movement
84
S-shaped bone that articulates with manubrium of sternum and scapula. What is this and what is it also known as?
Clavicle (collarbone)
85
Thin, flat triangular bone that articulates with the clavicle and humerus. Acromion process forms the point of the shoulder. What is this and what is it commonly known as? What is the shallow depression where the head of the humerus connects to the scapula?
Scapula (shoulder blade)
- glenoid cavity
86
Part of the humerus (arm also (brachium)) that is a large, smooth, rounded end that fits into scapula. What is this? What are the blunt projections for muscle attachment? What is the attachment for deltoid muscle?
- Head of humerus
- Greater and lesser tubercle
- Deltoid tuberosity
87
Part of humerus. For attachment of forearm muscles. What is this? What is this... where ulna fits with humerus to form elbow joint? What is also for the ulna to fit with the humerus?
- What articulates with the radius?
- What articulates with the ulna?
- Lateral and medial epicondyles
- Olecranon fossa
- Coronoid fossa
- Capitulum
- Trochlea
88
What contains eight small carpal bones?
Wrist (carpus)
89
Contains five metacarpal bones
Palm (metacarpus)
90
Bones of the fingers. Three on each finger (a proximal, middle, and distal phalanx). Except the thumb (which lacks a middle phalanx)
Phalanges
91
Attaches lower extremities to axial skeleton. Provides a strong support for weight of the body. What is this? What does it provide support and protection for?
Pelvic girdle
-Urinary bladder, portion of large intestine, and reproductive organs located in pelvic cavity
92
Articulate with each other at the symphysis pubis (anteriorly). Articulate with the sacrum at the illosacral joints (posteriorly). What is this? What are the three fused bones that it is made up of?
- coxal (hip) bones
- ilium, ischium, and pubis
93
Large depression where three bones meet. What is this?
- What is the large opening between pubis and ischium, a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, and tendons?
- What is the superior margin of the ileum?
-What is the anterior portion of the coxal bone?
- Acetabulum
- Obturator foramen
- Iliac crest
- Pubis
94
Support the entire weight of the body when it is erect. Exposed to tremendous forces during walking, running, jumping. Bones are larger and stronger than those in upper extremity.
Lower extremity
95
Region from the hip to the knee. Contains the femur (largest, longest, and strongest bone in the body). Head of femur has a small depression called the fovea capitis. Greater and lesser trochanters are sites for muscle attachment. Lateral and medial condyles form joints with bones of the leg.
Thigh
96
Region between knee and ankle. What is this? What 2 parts of the body does it consist of? What part articulates with femur to form knee joint?
Leg
-Fibula (lateral side)
-Tibia (medial side)--articulates with femur to form knee joint
97
Parts of the leg.
- What is the projection at the distal end of the fibula and forms lateral bulge of ankle?
- What is the attachment of ligaments associated with knee?
- What is the sharp ridge on anterior surface of the tibia and forms the shin?
- What is the projection at the distal end of the tibia and forms the medial bulge of the ankle?
- Lateral malleolus
- Tibial tuberosity
- Anterior crest
- Medial malleolus
98
- What is composed of the ankle, instep, and toes?
- What contains 7 tarsal bones What is the largest tarsal bone?
- What articulates with the tibia?
- What consists of 5 metatarsal bones; one in line with each toe and distal ends of these bones form the ball of the foot?
- What are the bones of the toes that include three in each toe (a proximal, middle, and distal) except in great (or big) toe?
- The foot
- Tarsus (ankle)--calcaneus(heel bone)
- Talus
- Metatarsus (instep)
- Phalanges
99
Flat, triangular bone. Enclosed within tendon that anchors anterior thigh muscle to tibia. Protects the knee joint. What is this and what is it also known as?
- Patella (kneecap)
100
Where two bones come together
Articulation (joint)
101
Immovable joints. Bones come in very close contact. Are separated only by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue. What is this? What is an example?
Synarthroses
- Sutures in the skull
102
Slightly movable joints. Bones are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. What is this? What are examples (3)?
Amphiarthroses
- Ribs connected to sternum by costal cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
- Symphysis pubis (fibrocartilage pads between two bones)
- Joints between the vertebrae (intervertebral discs)
103
Makes up most joints in adult body. Freely movable joints. Articular cartilage covers the ends of the opposing bones (consists of hyaline cartilage).
Diarthroses
104
Space that separates the opposing bones in diarthroses.
What is this?
What encloses the components of the joint. Outer layer consists of the ligament that holds bones together. Inner layer is synovial membrane (secretes synovial fluid into joint cavity for lubrication)??
- Joint cavity
- Joint capsule
105
Help stabilize joint and act as shock absorbers in diarthroses. Lateral meniscus and medial meniscus.
Fibrocartilage pads in knee
106
Fluid-filled sacs. Acts as a cushion, help reduce friction.
Bursae
107
Permits the widest range of movement in all planes, including rotation. Ball shaped end of one bones fits into cup-shaped socket of another. What is this? What are examples?
- Ball and socket joint
- Shoulder and hip
108
Articulating surfaces of both bones have concave and convex regions: shapes of two bones complement each other. Permits wide range of movement. What is this and what is an example, or really on example?
Saddle joint
- thumb joint
109
Oval-shaped condyle fits into elliptical cavity of another. Permits angular motion but not rotation. What is this? What are examples?
Condyloid (ellipsoidal) joint
- occipital condyles with atlas
- metacarpals
- metatarsals
- phalanges
110
Flat or slightly curved surfaces moving against each other. Permits sliding or twisting without circular movement. What is this? What are examples?
Gliding joint
- joints between carpals in wrist and between tarsals in ankle
111
Rounded or conical surface of one bone fits into rings of bone or tendon. Permits rotation. What is this? What are examples?
Pivot joint
- Joint between atlas and axis and the proximal radioulnar joint
112
Convex projection of one bone fits into concave depression in another. Permits flexion and extension only. What is this? What are examples?
Hinge joint
-Elbow and knee joints
113
What help may reduce the effects from loss of calcium?
True or False?
-Decrease in the rate of collagen synthesis
-Articular cartilage at ends of bones tends to become thinner; deteriorates with age
-Age-related changes in skeletal system cannot be prevented
- calcium and vitamin D in diet
-true
