Muscular System Flashcards
1
Q
Striated, elongated cells, multinucleated cells, and voluntary (under conscious control). Attach to bones of the skeleton.
A
Skeletal muscle
2
Q
Nonstriated, single central nucleus, and involuntary
A
Smooth muscle
3
Q
Striated, branched cells, 1-3 central nuclei, and involuntary
A
Cardiac muscle
4
Q
What type of muscle is found in the arteries of the cardiovascular system and what about the organs of the gastrointestinal tract?
A
Smooth muscle
5
Q
Skeletal muscle makes up what percentage of body weight? How many muscles are there?
A
40%
- more than 600
6
Q
when skeletal muscle contracts what happens?
A
- moves the bones
- exhibits facial expressions
7
Q
Ability to receive and respond to a stimulus from the nervous system. One way to describe the characteristic of this is to say the cells or tissues are “on alert.” They are always ready to respond, and they will respond to a weak stimulus. When muscle cells are excitable, they want to contract. When nerve cells are excitable, they want to conduct impulses
A
Excitability
8
Q
Ability to shorten or contract to produce movement (Muscles contract because nerve stimulus causes filaments within the muscle units to slide past each other and shorten the total length)
A
Contractibility
9
Q
Can be stretched or extended.
Skeletal muscles are often arranged in opposing pairs. When one muscle contracts, other muscle is relaxed and stretched.
A
Extensibility
10
Q
Capacity to recoil or return to the original shape and length after contraction or extension
A
Elasticity
11
Q
Muscle contraction fulfills what four functions in the body?
A
- Movement
- Posture
- Joint stability
- Heat production
12
Q
85% of the heat produced in the body is the result of what?
A
muscle contraction
13
Q
Connective tissue sheath that surrounds a muscle
A
Epimysium
14
Q
Connective tissue outside the epimysium. Surrounds and separates the muscles
A
Fascia
15
Q
Bundle of muscle fibers
A
Fasciculus
16
Q
Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds a fasciculus
A
Perimysium
17
Q
Each individual muscle cell
A
Muscle fiber
18
Q
Connective tissue that surrounds an individual muscle fiber (cell)
A
Endomysium
19
Q
What consists of a single cylindrical muscle cell? Numerous mitochondria is needed because muscle cells needs what for contraction?
A
each skeletal muscle fibers
- energy
20
Q
Cell membrane of a muscle fiber (cell)
A
Sarcolemma
21
Q
Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber (cell)
A
Sarcoplasm
22
Q
Specialized form of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in muscle fibers that stores calcium. What is this? What is necessary for muscle contraction?
A
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Calcium
23
Q
Next to sarcolemma at periphery of cell
A
Multiple nuclei
24
Q
Multiple inward extensions of the sarcolemma
A
T tubules
25
What has an abundant supply of blood vessels and nerves? What is directly related to the function of skeletal muscle? Before a skeletal muscle can contract, it must receive an impulse from what cell?
- Skeletal muscles
- Contraction
- Nerve cell
26
Muscle contraction requires what? What deliver nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP? What remove waste products produced as a result of muscle contraction?
ATP
- Blood vessels (for bottom two questions)
27
Fibers of the epimysium fuse directly with the periosteum of a bone
Direct attachment
28
Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium extend beyond the belly of the muscle to form a thick, ropelike tendon or a broad, flat, sheetlike aponeurosis
Indirect attachment
29
Typically muscles span a joint.
Attached to bones by tendons at both ends.
What is the end of the muscle that is attached to a relatively immovable part?
What is the end of the muscle that is attached to a relatively movable part?
- Origin
- Insertion
30
What stimulate skeletal muscles to contract and is a nerve that conveys impulses from the central nervous system to a muscle, gland, o other effectors?
Motor neurons
31
What of a motor neuron penetrates the muscle and i the long fiber that carries outgoing messages in the neuron?
Axon
32
What is the axon terminal for each muscle fiber?
Axon branches
33
Single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates. Some includes several hundred fibers and others contain fewer than ten
Motor unit
34
Region in which an axon terminal meets a muscle fiber.
Neuromuscular junction
35
What does not tough the sarcolemma of the muscle cell and fits into a depression on the sarcolemma?
Axon terminal
36
A nerve impulse travels down the axon to the axon terminal. The impulse causes synaptic vesicles to release what.. which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds with receptors on the sarcolemma?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
37
Fluid-filled space between the axon terminal and sarcolemma
Synaptic cleft
38
Neurotransmitter. Contained within synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal. What is this? Where are receptor sites for this located?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
- located on the sarcolemma
39
When a nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal, what is released?
ACh
40
When ACh is released it diffuses across what? It binds with the receptor sites on the sarcolemma and this reaction is the stimulus for what?
- Synaptic cleft
- Contraction
41
A change in the cellular environment that alters the cell membrane (i.e., ACh binding with the receptor sites). Causes a response. What is this? The response is a muscle impulse that travels in all directions on the what?
Stimulus
- sarcolemma
42
When muscle impulses travel here, this initiates physiologic activity within the muscle cell that results in contraction
T tubules
43
At the synaptic cleft ACh is rapidly inactivated by what enzyme?
- Ensures that one nerve impulse will result in: (2)
-acetylcholinesterase
-only on muscle impulse
- only one contraction of the muscle fiber
44
The source of energy for muscle contraction. Muscles have limits storage facilities for this. This stored is depleted in 6 seconds. Must be regenerated so its good as new.
ATP
45
A high-energy compound stored in muscles. Provides an instantaneous transfer of its energy. Provides a phosphate group to ASP molecules to regenerate ATP. What is this and what is the equation? The reaction is so effective.. very little change in what levels during initial stages of muscle contraction?
-Creatine phosphate
- Creatine phosphate + ADP --> creatine + ATP
- ATP levels
46
When ATP levels are high, this reaction is reversed to form more what?
Muscles store enough creatine phosphate to regenerate sufficient ATP to sustain contraction for about how many seconds?
- Creatine phosphate
- 10 seconds
47
When muscles are actively contracting for extended periods of time, what become the two primary energy sources? These sources are present in the blood that circulates through the muscles. What is also stored in muscles as glycogen?
- Fatty acids and glucose
- Glucose
48
As the stored ATP and creatine phosphate are being used, more ATP is produced from metabolism of what two things?
glucose and fatty acids
49
If adequate oxygen is available, fatty acids and glucose are broken down in where? What is this process known as? What are the products?
- In mitochondria
- Aerobic respiration
- Products: carbon dioxide, water, and large amounts of ATP
50
Small amounts of oxygen can be stored in red muscle fibers. Red fibers contain this. Iron containing protein in the sarcoplasm of muscle cells. Temporarily binds with oxygen and stores it. Gives muscles its red color.
Myoglobin
51
When oxygen levels inside muscle fibers diminish, what can be resupplied from myoglobin?
oxygen
52
When muscles are contracting vigorously for long periods of time, what 2 things are unable to deliver oxygen fast enough to maintain aerobic pathways?
Processes that do not require oxygen are necessary. What is this known as and what is broken down by this?
What is the product?
- Myoglobin and circulatory system
- Anaerobic respiration (glucose is broken down)
- Product: Lactic acid and a small amount of ATP
53
What accumulates in muscle and cause burning sensation?
lactic acid
54
Aerobic pathway produces how much more ATP than anaerobic pathway? Prolonged activities requiring endurance depend on what mechanisms?
Anaerobic pathway provides ATP faster or slower than aerobic pathway? What pathway provides the most of the energy for vigorous activity?
- 20 times
- aerobic mechanisms
- Faster
-Anaerobic
55
After periods of strenuous exercise that require anaerobic mechanisms, what accumulates in the muscle causing temporary muscle pain and cramping? What in the muscles are depleted and need to be replenished? What additionally is needed to convert lactic acid into glycogen?
- Lactic acid
- ATP and creatine phosphate
- Oxygen
56
What is needed to replenish ATP and creatine phosphate in muscle after periods of strenuous exercise that require anerobic mechanisms?
- Oxygen
57
Anaerobic mechanisms creates this that must be repaid before equilibrium can be restored. It is the additional oxygen required after physical activity to restore resting conditions.
Oxygen debt
58
How is oxygen debt paid back that continues after the activity has stopped?
labored breathing
59
Means to bend. Usually brings two bones closer together and decreases the angle between them. What is this? What are two examples?
Flexion
- bending the elbow or the knee
60
Means to straighten. It increases the angle between the two bones. What is this? What are two examples?
Extension
- straightening the elbow or the knee after it has been flexed
61
Occurs when a part of the body is extended beyond the anatomical position. The joint angle becomes greater than 180 degrees. What is this? What is an example?
Hyperextension
- moving the head backwards
62
Flexion of the ankle in which the dorsum or top foot is lifted upward, decreasing he angle between the foot and the leg. What is this? What is an example?
Dorsiflexion
- standing on your heels
63
Movement at the ankle that increases the angle between the foot and leg. What is this? What is an example?
Plantar flexion
- standing on your toes
64
Means to take away. Moves a bone or limb away from the midline or axis of the body. What is this? What are some examples? (3)
Abduction
- the outward movement of the legs in "jumping jacks", moving arms away rom the body, or spreading the fingers apart
65
Means to bring together. It moves a bone or limb toward the midline of the body. What is this? What are some examples? (2)
Adduction
- Bringing the arms back to the sides of the body after they have been abducted or moving the legs back to anatomical position after abduction
66
The conelike, circular movement of a body segment. The proximal end of the segment remains relatively stationary while the distal end outlines a large circle. What is this? Example?
Circumduction
- The movement of the arm at the shoulder joint, with the elbow extended, so that the tips of the fingers move in a large circle
67
The movement of a bone around its own axis in a pivot joint. What is this? What is an example?
Rotation
- shaking your head "no"
68
A specialized rotation of the forearm that turns the palm of the hand foward or anteriorly. If the elbow is flexed, this turns the palm of the hand upward or superiorly.
Supination
69
It is a specialized rotation of the forearm that turns the pal of the hand backward or posteriorly. If the elbow is flexed, this turns the palm of the hand downward or inferiorly.
Pronation
70
The movement of the sole of the foot inward or medially.
Inversion
71
It is the movement of the sole of the foot outward or laterally
Eversion
72
The muscle that is mainly responsible for a particular body movement
prime mover
73
Muscles that work with, or assist, the prime mover to cause a movement
synergist
74
Muscles that oppose, or reverse, a particular movement. Following muscles are on opposite sides of the humerus and have opposite functions are known as these. What is this? What are further examples? (2)
Antagonists
- biceps brachii and triceps brachii
75
Flexes the forearm at the elbow
Biceps brachii
76
Extends the forearm at the elbow
Triceps brachii
77
means huge
vastus
78
means long
longus
79
means short
brevis
80
means triangular
Deltoid
81
means wide
latissimus
82
means round
teres
83
direction of fibers. This one is straight.
Rectus
84
direction of fibers. This one is across
Transverse
85
Direction of fibers. This one is diagonal
Oblique
86
Direction of fibers. This one is circular
Obicularis
87
means below
infra-
88
means under or beneath
sub-
89
Origin on the sternum and clavicle, insertion on the mastoid process.
Sternocleidomastoid
90
Origin on the brachium or arm, insertion on the radius
brachioradialis
91
to chew
masseter
92
What muscles are found bilaterally?
Fascial muscles
93
Raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead. Flat muscle that covers the forehead. What is this?
What is the origin?
What is the insertion?
Frontalis
- galea aponeurotica
- the skin of the eyebrow and nose
94
The covering of the muscle that covers the front part of the skull
galea aponeurotica
95
Is used to close the mouth, form words, and pucker the lips. Is a circular muscle around the mouth. What is this?
What is the origin? (2)
What is the insertion?
Orbicularis oris
- maxilla and frontal bones
- skin around the lips
96
Used to wink, blink, and squint. Is a circular muscle around the eyes. What is this?
What is the origin?
What is the insertion?
Orbicularis oculi
- maxilla and frontal bones
- tissue of the eyelid
97
Used to compress the cheek when whistling, sucking, or blowing air out. Is a horizontal cheek muscle located deep to the masseter. What is this?
What is the origin?
What is the insertion?
Buccinator
- maxilla and mandible
- the corner of the mouth
98
Used to raise the corner of the mouth when smiling. Extends diagonally from the corner of the mouth to the cheekbone. What is this?
What is the origin?
What is the insertion?
Zygomaticus
- zygomatic bone
- the skin and muscle at the corner of the mouth
99
Muscles responsible for chewing (mastication) are what? (2)
What are the functions of both?
- Temporalis (closes jaw)
- Masseter (opens jaw)
100
Flexes and rotates the head. In the neck, this ascends obliquely from the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
Sternocleidomastoid
101
Extends head and moves scapula. The wide part of this is the back. It can move the head back and can also raise the shoulder blade. Muscle has a triangular shape.
What is this?
What is the origin? (2)
What is the insertion?
Trapezius
- occipital bone and spines of the thoracic vertebrae
- scapula
102
Those that move the vertebral column. Muscles that form thoracic and abdominal walls. Those that cover the pelvic outlet
Muscles of the Trunk
103
Extends the vertebral column to maintain erect posture.
Erector spinae
104
Involved primarily in the process of breathing. What is this? Muscles of this originate from where and assist with breathing, especially forced inspiration and expiration?
Thoracic Wall Muscles
- ribs
105
Thoracic wall muscles that are involved in inspiration
External intercostal muscles
106
Thoracic Wall muscles involved with forced expiration
Internal intercostal muscles
107
Dome-shaped muscle. Forms a partition (separation) between the thorax and abdomen. Responsible for major movements in thoracic cavity during quiet, relaxed breathing.
Diaphragm
108
What are the three opening for structures that have to pass from thorax to abdomen?
- Inferior vena cava
- Esophagus
- Aorta
109
When diaphragm contracts, does volume increase or decrease of thoracic cavity? When diaphragm contracts it results in what?
When the diaphragm is contracted, it moved down and air is pushed into where?
- Increases
- inspiration
- the lungs
110
When diaphragm relaxes, it forces air out during what?
When diaphragm relaxes, does volume increase or decrease of thoracic cavity?
When the diaphragm is relaxed, it bulges out into where?
- Expiration
- Decreases
- Thorax
111
Is the diaphragm under involuntary or voluntary control?
involuntary
112
Most superficial lateral abdominal wall muscles.
External oblique
113
Lie below the external oblique muscles
Internal obliques
114
Run horizontally and are the deepest muscles
Transversus abdominis
115
Flexes vertebral column. These muscles are long and straight across the front of the abdomen from the pubic bone to the ribs and sternum.
Rectus abdominis
116
Forms the floor of the pelvic cavity. Formed by the two levator ani muscles. Supports and maintains position of pelvic viscera. This is deeper and lies above the urogenital diaphragm, which is more superficial.
Pelvic diaphragm
117
Fills the space within the pubic arch. Supports pelvic viscera and assists in function of genitalia. The pelvic outlet is formed by two muscular sheets and their fascia.
Urogenital diaphragm
118
Muscles that move the shoulder and arm
Upper Extremity
119
Pulls the shoulder downward and forward, as in pushing something. Forms the medial wall for the axilla. It lies deep and inferior to the pectoralis major
Serratus anterior
120
Abducts and flexes arm across the chest. This muscle is large and fan-shaped. It originates at the sternum, clavicle, and ribs, and it inserts into the humerus.
Pectoralis major
121
Adducts, elevates, and rotates scapula (shrugging the shoulders).Also moves the shoulder back and up in addition to extending the head.
Trapezius
122
Adducts and rotates the arm medially and lowers the shoulder. Important muscle in swimming and rowing motions. Is a large flat muscle of the lower back that inserts in the upper arm.
Latissimus dorsi
123
Abducts the arm to a horizonal position. Common site for administering intramuscular (IM) injections. Is triangular. It forms the contour of the shoulder.
Deltoid
124
Group of four muscles that attach humerus to scapula. Form cap or cuff over humerus. Rotates arm. Is a muscle group that allows for rotation of the upper arm.
Rotator cuff
125
Extends forearm. What is this?
Had three heads of origin in where? (2)
Triceps brachii
- humerus and scapula
126
Flexes and supinates forearm. This and triceps are antagonists
Biceps brachii
127
Flexes forearm. This is deep to the biceps in the anterior compartment of the upper arm.
Brachialis
128
Flexes forearm. This is a superficial muscle on the lateral forearm that also participates in flexing the forearm.
Brachioradialis
129
Muscles that are located in hip region. Muscles that move the thigh. Muscles that are located in the thigh and move the leg. Muscles that are located in the leg and move the ankle and foot.
Muscles of the Lower Extremities
130
Largest gluteal muscle. Forms the area of the buttocks. Extends thigh (antagonist of the illopsoas)
Gluteus maximus
131
Common site for intramuscular injections. Abducts and rotates thigh. Is superior and deep to the gluteus maximus. It is the muscle used for intramuscular injections in the thigh.
Gluteus medius
132
Smallest and deepest of gluteal muscles. Abducts and rotates thigh. This lies below the other gluteal muscles in the hollow of the pelvic bone.
Gluteus minimus
133
Flexes and rotates thigh. Are located in the groin.
Illiopsoas
134
Flexes and abducts thigh (synergist of iliopsoas), these are the most lateral muscles in the hip region.
tensor fascia latae
135
What 4 muscles work together to abduct the thigh, or press the thighs together. Which one out of the four is the largest and deepest?
- Adductor longus
- Adductor brevis
- Adductor magnus (largest and deepest)
- Gracilis
136
Four muscles that extend the leg at the knee
Quadriceps femoris
137
What are the 4 quadricep muscles that form the quadriceps femoris?
- Vastus lateralis
- Vastus intermedius
- Vastus medialis
- Rectus femoris
138
Runs along the medial side of the top of the leg, and the vastus intermedius lies beneath the rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
139
This runs along the top of the leg, and the vastus lateralis runs along the side of the leg
Rectus femoris
140
Longest muscle in the body. This runs obliquely across the thigh. Flexes thigh and flexes and rotates leg
Sartorius
141
Flex leg and extend thigh. This group is found on the back of the upper leg. What is this? What 3 muscles does it consist of?
Hamstring
- Biceps femoris
- Semimembranosus
- Semitendinosus
142
Dorsiflexes foot. Is a superficial muscle of the anterior lower leg.
Tibialis anterior
143
Plantar flexes and everts foot, this muscle forms the lateral compartment of the lower leg.
Peroneus
144
Plantar flexes foot. Allow you to stand on your tiptoe
Gastrocnemius and soleus
145
Forms the curve of the calf
Gastrocnemius muscle
146
The gastrocnemius and solus have a common tendon known as what? Has another name for it... what is this as well?
Calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon)
147
