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MED-116- Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 16 -Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 16 -Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Female Reproductive System Functions:

A
  • Produces and sustains female sex cells (egg cells or ova)
  • Transports ova to fertilization site
  • Provides favorable environment for developing offspring
  • Moves offspring to outside at end of development period
  • Produces female sex hormones
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2
Q

Primary reproductive organs in female. Solid, ovoid structure. Size and shape of almond. Located in the ovarian fossae (shallow depressions). One on each side of the uterus, held in place by peritoneal ligaments.

A

Ovaries

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3
Q

Epithelium that covers outside of ovaries

A

Germinal (ovarian) epithelium

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4
Q

Dense connective tissue capsule under the epithelium of the ovaries

A

Tunica albuginea

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5
Q

Outer area of the ovary.

A

Cortex

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6
Q

What does the cortex of the ovary contain? (2)

A

Ovarian follicles and oocyte

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7
Q

Inner area of the ovary. Consists of loose connective tissue. Consists of abundant blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fiber.

A

Medulla

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8
Q

Process of egg formation

A

oogenesis

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9
Q

Happens early in fetal development during oogenesis. These differentiate into oogonia

A

Primitive germ cells

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10
Q

Divide rapidly to form thousands of cells with 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). This divides to form many primary oocytes during what?

A

Oogonia
- fetal life

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11
Q

Oogonia goes into this phase where primary oocytes are present in the ovaries when an infant girl is born

A

growth phase

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12
Q

Because oocytes have 23 pairs of chromosomes, do oogonia divide by mitosis or meiosis?

A

Mitosis

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13
Q

The beginning of the first meiotic division begins before birth and stops when?
Process stops in what phase of mitosis?

A

after puberty
- prophase

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14
Q

Ovaries contain how many primary oocytes at birth? is a lifetime supply. No more will develop. By puberty, the number of primary oocytes has declined to how many?

A

700,000
- 400,000

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15
Q

True or False?
There are almost twice as many primary oocytes at birth as will survive to puberty. They continue to be lost as the woman ages (in addition to those that mature and are expelled from the ovary).

A
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16
Q

The secondary oocyte begins the second meiotic division. Process stops in what phase of meiosis II?

A

metaphase

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17
Q

If fertilization occurs, meiosis II continues. What happens if fertilization does not occur?

A

secondary oocytes degenerate

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18
Q

The second meiotic division is not completed until after what?

A

fertilization

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19
Q

Consists of a developing oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of cells, follicular cells. A small sac that has no outlet during the time the ovum is maturing.

A

ovarian follicle

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20
Q

Develop in the fetus. Present at birth and throughout childhood. Consist of a primary oocyte and surrounded by a single layer of flattened cells.

A

Primordial follicles

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21
Q

Beginning at puberty. What stimulates changes in primordial follicles, follicular cells become cuboidal, and primary oocyte enlarges and becomes a primary follicle.

A

FSH

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22
Q

Primary follicle continues to grow under the influence of FSH, follicular cells proliferate, and granulosa cells form around primary oocyte.
What happens to primary follicles?

A
  • Most degenerate
  • One continues to develop each month
  • Granulosa cells start secreting ESTROGEN
  • Cavity forms within follicle: Antrum
  • Becomes a secondary follicle
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23
Q

After most primary follicles degenerate and only one continues to develop each month, what do granulosa cells start to secrete? What cavity forms within follicle?
As a result of this, what happens?

A
  • Estrogen
  • Antrum
    Result: secondary follicle is formed
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24
Q

Happens when there is a secondary follicle– Granulosa cells secrete a substance. Form a clear membrane around the oocyte called what?
After 10 days of growth.. it becomes a mature follicle called what?

A
  • Zona pellucida
  • Graafian follicle
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25
Q

Mature follicle at the surface of the ovary. It ruptures and releases secondary oocyte into peritoneal cavity

A

Graafian follicle

26
Q

What is surrounded by zona pellucid (clear membrane) and corona radiata (several layers of cells)?

A

Secondary oocyte

27
Q

If the secondary oocyte is not fertilized what happens? What happens if fertilization does occur?

A
  • secondary oocyte degenerates
  • Second meiotic division resumes and forms a polar body and mature ovum
28
Q

Portion of the follicle that remains in the ovary transformed into a what after ovulation?

A

corpus luteum

29
Q

Glandular structure that secretes BOTH estrogen and progesterone

A

Corpus luteum

30
Q

If fertilization does not occur in corpus luteum what 2 things happen?

A
  • Remain functional for about 10 days
  • Begins to degenerate into a corpus albicans
31
Q

If fertilization occurs, corpus luteum persists and continues to secrete hormones until what develops to secrete necessary hormones?
What ultimately eventually happens to the corpus luteum?

A
  • until placenta develops
  • degenerates into a corpus albicans
32
Q

Extend laterally from upper portion of the uterus. Extend to ovary on that side. One associates with each ovary. End of it forms a funnel-shaped infundibulum. Surrounded by fingerlike extension called fimbriae.

A

Uterine tubes

33
Q

At the time of ovulation, fimbriae create currents in what fluid to help propel oocyte into fallopian tube?

A

peritoneal fluid

34
Q

Once oocyte is inside uterine tube, oocyte is moved along by rhythmic beating of cillia and by peristaltic action of smooth muscle in the wall of the tube.
Journey through fallopian tube takes how many days?
Oocyte is fertile for only how many hours?

A
  • 7 days
  • 24-48 hrs
35
Q

Fertilization occurs where?

A

in fallopian (uterine) tubes

36
Q

Receives fertilized oocyte. Provides environment for developing offspring. Located in pelvic cavity, between rectum and urinary bladder. Before pregnancy, its a size of a pear. After childbirth, becomes larger, after menopause it becomes smaller.

A

Uterus

37
Q

Thick middle layer. Consists of smooth muscle and makes up bulk of uterine wall.

A

Myometrium

38
Q

Part of endometrium. Portion sloughed off during menstruation

A

Stratum functionale

39
Q

Extends from cervix to the outside.
Passageway for menstrual flow, receives penis and semen during sexual intercourse. Serves as birth canal.

A

Vagina

40
Q

Small mass of erectile tissue located at anterior end of vestibule. Becomes erect in response to sexual stimulation

A

Clitoris

41
Q

Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and estrogen production by ovaries

A

FSH

42
Q

Stimulates ovulation to occur and production of progesterone and estrogen by ovaries

A

LH

43
Q

First period of menstrual cycle

A

menarche

44
Q

Triggered by secretion of GNRH hypothalamus. GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete FSH (and small amount of LH). As follicles enlarge, estrogen secretion by follicle cells increase. Follicle continues to grow and mature until middle of the cycle.

A

Follicular phase

45
Q

Menstrual phase. Outer layer of endometrium. Detaches from uterine wall, passes through vagina creating menstrual flow. During this time, follicles are growing in ovary

A

Stratum functionale

46
Q

Cessation of the female reproductive cycle. By what age does ovary follicles cease responding to FSH and LH?
Follicle cells do not produce estrogen, corpus luteum does not result, and ovulation ceases

A

Menopause
- 45 to 50

47
Q

True or False? Cycle changes in uterus stop when hitting menopause.

A

true

48
Q

Determines size and shape of breast

A

Adipose tissue

49
Q

Collect milk from the lobules and carries it to nipple. Enlarges, forms a lactiferous sinus (ampulla) which serves as a reservoir for milk.

A

Lactiferous duct

50
Q

Stimulates development of glandular tissue. Causes breast to increase in size.

A

Estrogen

51
Q

Stimulates development of duct system

A

Progesterone

52
Q

What stimulates production of milk within the glandular tissue? What causes ejection of milk from the glands and infant’s suckling stimulates release from the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Prolactin
and
Oxytocin

53
Q

Period of prenatal development and pregnancy

A

Gestation

54
Q

Prenatal Development:
Age that begins at fertilization is?
Age begins at the date of the last menstrual period that is used by medical community is?
Gestation period is how many days from fertilization and how many days from last menstrual period (LMP?

A
  • Developmental Age
    and
  • Clinical age
  • 266 and 280
55
Q

Birth of an infant

A

Parturition

56
Q

Process by which forceful contraction expel the fetus from the uterus

A

Labor

57
Q

Characterized by rhythmic contractions, dilation of cervix, and discharge of bloody mucus from cervix and vagina.

A

True labor

58
Q

Interaction of progesterone, estrogen, oxytocin, and prostaglandins

A

Onset of labor

59
Q

Onset of true labor until cervix is fully dilated at 10 cm. Longest stage, may last 24 hrs or longer

A

Dilation stage

60
Q

Full dilation of cervix until delivery of the fetus. Usually lasts less than an hour.

A

Expulsion stage

61
Q

Usually within 10-15 mins after the delivery of the fetus. Placenta separates from the uterine wall and forceful contractions expel the placenta attaches membranes as the afterbirth

A

Placental Stage

MED-116- Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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