Endocrine System Flashcards by Katelyn Odom

A gland that is an organ that makes and secretes substances used by the body

Endocrine glands

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Organs that make up the endocrine system… secrete hormones into where? And are scattered throughout where?

the blood
throughout the body

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What secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream and because of that, they do not have to be located near the organs or tissues that the hormones affect?

Endocrine glands

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Study of endocrine glands and hormones

Endocrinology

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The physician that specialized in the study of the endocrine glands

Endocrinologist

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What two systems function in regulation of body activities?
What system acts through electrical impulses and neurotransmitters?
What system acts through chemical messengers (hormones)?

endocrine and nervous system
nervous system
endocrine system

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What influence growth, development, and metabolic activities?
What is measured in minutes, hours, or weeks and is more generalized?

Hormones
Action

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What glands have ducts that carry their secretory product to a surface?
What do the exocrine glands of the intestine produce?
What are examples of this?

Exocrine glands
Enzymes
- sweat, sebaceous, and mammary glands and glands that secrete digestive enzymes

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What glands do not have ducts to carry their product to a surface (known as ductless glands)?
What are secretory products that are secreted directly into blood, and carried throughout the body. This also influences only those cells that have receptor sites for that hormone?

Endocrine glands
Hormones

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Most of the hormones in the body. Difficult to administer orally. Are composed of amino acids. Hormones that are these must be administered by injection.
These are administered by injection because they are inactivated by what two things in the stomach?

Proteins
acid and pepsin

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Sex hormones and hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. May be given orally.

Steroids

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Hormones are what kind of substances that in small amounts they have profound effects on metabolic processes?
- Hormones are carried by the BLOOD throughout the body. Although hormones cause powerful actions, they only affect specific organs or tissues.

potent substances

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The specific cells that respond to a given hormone have receptor sites for that hormone. If a hormone fits the receptor site, here will be an effect. If a hormone and a receptor site do not match, there is no reaction.

“Lock and key” mechanism

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What are molecules on the cell membrane or interior of a cell that will only accept molecules wih a certain shape?
What other receptor sites have we discussed?

receptor sites
receptor sites for acetylcholine on the sarcolemma of muscle

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A tissue (cells) that respond to a particular hormone because it has receptor sites for that hormone. May be localized in a single gland or organ. May be diffused and scattered throughout the body. may areas ae affected. Some hormones only affect one gland or organ, others have many target tissues.

Target tissue

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What are the 8 major endocrine glands?

Pituitary gland
thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
gonads
Pineal gland
Thymus

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Small gland, size of pea. What is this? Connected to hypothalamus by a slender stalk called the what?

pituitary gland
infundibulum

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Anterior portion. The anterior pituitary is also known as what? This regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus called what that is also made up of glandular tissue?

Adenohypophysis
releasing factors

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Posterior portion. Also known as posterior pituitary. What is this?
This is regulated by what from the hypothalamus?

Neurohypophysis
nerve fibers

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What are the hormones of the Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis)?

Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid-stimulated hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Gonadotropic hormone (FSH and LH)
Prolactin (PRL)

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Stimulates growth of bones, muscles, and other organs. By promoting protein synthesis. Stimulates target cells in various tissues. What is this?
This also stimulates what to breakdown into fat, which produce energy?

Growth hormone (GH)
triglyceride

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Growth of what occurs when cartilage cells proliferate?
Growth of what occurs when myoblasts proliferate and protein synthesis is increased?

bones
muscle

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Having too little or too much of GH in a child causes individuals to become a pituitary dwarf of normal proportions but have small stature?
Having too little or too much of GH in a child causes individuals to become exceptionally tall?

too little
too much

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After ossification is complete (bone length is no longer possible).
Excess GH in adult causes enlargement in the diameter of the bones called what? Includes growth of the hands, feet, and jar. It is usually caused by aa pituitary tumor that secretes growth hormone. It causes the bones of the hands, feet, and face to become abnormally large.

Acromegaly

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Causes glandular cells of thyroid to secrete thyroid hormone. Overproduction or underproduction can either be caused by pituitary gland problems directly with the thyroid gland.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

What causes thyroid gland to enlarge and secretes too much thyroid hormone? What results in atrophy (shrinking of a gland or tissue) of thyroid gland and too little thyroid hormone?

- Hypersecretion of TSH - Hyposecretion of TSH

Reacts with receptor sites in the cortex of adrenal gland to stimulate secretion of cortical hormones (cortisol). What is this? What does this hormone affect in the skin that increases pigmentation?

- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - melanocytes

React with receptor sites in the gonads (ovaries and testes). To regulate development, growth, and function of these organs. Tis hormone produces different effects in males and females.

Gonadotropic Hormones

Stimulates development of eggs in the ovaries and sperm in testes. Stimulates estrogen production in female. Works together with LH in both males an females.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Causes ovulation. Causes production and secretion of female sex hormones. What is this? What are the female sex hormones secreted? What is this hormone also called in the males that stimulates interstitial cells of testes to produce and secrete testosterone (male sex hormone)?

- luteinizing hormone (LH) - estrogen progesterone - interstitial cell- stimulating hormone (ICSH)

With the luteinizing hormone, but without this.. what can cause ovaries and tests to decrease in size, ova and sperm are not produced, and sex hormones are not secreted?

Gonadotropins

Promotes development of glandular tissue in female breast during pregnancy. Small amounts are normally found in the blood of both males and females, although levels are higher in females. During pregnancy, levels rise under influence of high levels of estrogen. Stimulates milk production after birth of infant.

Prolactin (PRL)

What are the hormones of the Posterior Lobe (Neurohypophysis)? (2)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin (OXY)

Promotes reabsorption of water by the kidney tubules. Less water is lost as urine. Conserves water for the body.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Insufficient amounts of ADH result in what in urine? Large amounts of dilute urine is known as what? Although urinary output with this can be very large, as long as an individual has access to adequate fluid he or she may remain healthy.

- excessive water loss - diabetes insipidus

Large amounts of ADH cause blood vessels to constrict increases what? And ADH sometimes called what?

- increases BP - called vasopressin

Causes contraction of smooth muscle in wall of uterus. Stimulates ejection of milk from lactating breast. What is this? What is the commercial preparation of this hormone? That is used to induce labor. Is often given intravenously during labor to increase the strength of contractions. It is given immediately after birth to cause contraction of the uterus and to prevent uterine hemorrhage.

- Oxytocin - Pitocin

Shaped like a butterfly. Vascular organ located in neck. Consists of two lobes, one on each side of trachea. What is this? Connected by narrow band of tissue called what?

- Thyroid Gland - Isthmus

Thyroid hormone consists of what percentage for the following? - Thyroxine - Triiodothyronine This hormone requires what for synthesis? Necessary for synthesis of thyroid hormone, is found in sea water and in the soil of areas formerly covered by ocean. Because large inland areas do not have this in the soil, it is added to salt as a nutrient.

- 95% - 5% - Iodine

Thyroid cannot make sufficient hormone. Stimulates thyroid gland to increase in size. In an attempt to produce more thyroid hormone. What is this? What is this also known as?

Iodine deficiency - goiter or iodine deficiency goiter

This helps to regulate the metabolism of carbs, proteins, and lipids. Thyroid hormone speeds up metabolism. Increases rate at which cells release energy from carbohydrates. Enhances protein synthesis. Necessary for normal growth and development. Stimulates nervous system. Do Not have a single target organ. Affect most of the cells in the body.

Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine

Deficiency of thyroid hormone. Enlarged thyroid gland that produces too much hormone. Symptoms include high metabolic rate, hyperactivity, insomnia, nervousness, irritability, chronic fatigue. The most common type is Grave's disease. Treatment includes removal or destruction of a portion of the thyroid gland.

Hyperthyroidism

Intellectual developmental disorder, stunted growth, abnormal skeletal features. Thyroid hormone therapy can be used for this.

Cretinism (child)

Lethargy, weight gain, loss of hair, low metabolic rate. Thyroid hormone therapy usually alleviates symptoms.

Myxedema (adult)

An autoimmune disease. The characteristic exophthalmos (bulging eyes, protruding eyes) do not go back o their former size after treatment due to swelling in tissues behind the eyes.

Grave's disease

Secreted by thyroid gland. Reduces the calcium level in the blood. Opposes the action of parathyroid glands. Works by reducing rate at which calcium is released from bone. Increasing rate of calcium excretion by kidneys. Reducing calcium absorption in intestines.

Calcitonin

Four small masses of epithelial tissue. Embedded in a connective tissue capsule. Located on the posterior surface of the thyroid glands. Secreted parathyroid hormone (PTH). Secreted in response to low blood calcium levels. Increases blood calcium levels. What is this? What levels are maintained in the blood within very narrow limits? What is necessary for the transmiszion of nerve impulses and improper muscle contraction?

Parathyroid glands - serum calcium levels - Calcium

Increases osteoclast activity in bones: Calcium is released from bones into blood. Increasing calcium reabsorption from kidney tubules into blood: Decreases amount lost in urine. Increasing absorption of dietary calcium in intestines. What is this? What vitamin is necessary for dietary calcium to be absorbed in intestines?

- Parathyroid gland - Vitamin D

Has opposite effect of calcitonin from the thyroid gland.

PTH

What is result of insufficient secretion of PTH. Increased nerve excitability due to low blood calcium levels? What is result of excessive secretion of PTH. Excess calcium in blood may precipitate in abnormal locations and causes kidney stones?

- Hypoparathyroidism - Hyperparathyroidism

Paired glands, one located near upper portion of each kidney. Divided into adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla.

Adrenal (Suprarenal) glands

Outer region of adrenal (suprarenal) glands. Produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids. What is this? Inner region of adrenal glands. Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine. What is this?

- Adrenal cortex - Adrenal medulla

Hormone of adrenal cortex. Regulates blood volume. Regulate the concentration of mineral electrolytes in the blood.

Mineralocorticoids

Mineralocorticoids. Is important in maintaining blood pressure, nerve impulse conduction, and muscle contraction. Primarily affects the kidneys. Primarily conserves sodium ions and water while eliminating potassium ions, whereas ADH promotes reabsorption of water.

Aldosterone

Includes cortisol which is a principle of this other hormone. Increases blood glucose levels. Helps to maintain blood glucose levels between meals. Counteracts inflammatory response. Used clinically to reduce inflammation (allergic reactions, bursitis, arthritis, and infections)

Glucocorticoids

What are male hormones of gonadocorticoids? What are female hormones gonadocorticoids?

- Androgens - Estrogen

Gonadocorticoids secreted in minimal amounts of both sexes, in this, the effect is masked by hormones from what parts? Small amounts of gonadocorticoids including what 2 hormones?

- testes and ovaries - estrogen and testosterone

Hyposecretion of hormones from adrenal cortex. What is this? Hypersecretion of hormones from adrenal cortex. What is this?

- Addison's disease - Cushing's syndrome

The hormones of the this include epinephrine and norepinephrine. Are proteins that are secreted in response to stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system. What is this What hormone stimulates cardiac muscle? What hormone causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure?

- Adrenal medulla - epinephrine - norepinephrine

Prepares body for strenuous activity. Sometimes called fight-or-flight hormones. Increase heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood supply to skeletal muscles. - Regulates and integrates the ANS - Regulates emotional responses and behavior - Regulates body temperature - Regulates food intake - Regulates water balance and thirst - Regulates sleep–wake cycles - Regulates secretion of hormones from pituitary gland - Serves as a connection between the central nervous system and the endocrine system.

Adrenal medulla

Also known as Islets of Langerhans. Long, soft organ. Located posterior to stomach. Exocrine portion secretes digestive enzymes. Carried through a duct to the duodenum. Endocrine portion secretes hormones into blood.

Pancreas

What cells of pancreas secrete glucagon? What cells of pancreas secrete insulin? What 2 hormones regulate blood glucose levels?

- Alpha cells - Beta cells - Glucagon and insulin

What is the primary source of energy for the nervous system and usually maintained within certain levels in the bloodstream? When blood glucose levels are too low or too high causes nervous system to not function properly? When blood glucose levels ae too high or too low does kidney produce large quantities of urine, may lead to dehydration?

- Glucose - too low - too high

Secreted by alpha cells in pancreatic islets in response to low concentration of glucose in blood. Raises blood glucose levels. Mobilizes glucose and fatty acids from storage forms. Stimulates liver to break down glycogen into glucose. Prevents hypoglycemia from occurring between meals and when glucose is being used rapidly.

Glucagon

Secreted by beta cells in pancreatic islets. In response to a high concentration of glucose in blood. Decreases blood glucose level (opposite or antagonistic to glucagon). Helps move glucose from bloodstream into the cells. The muscles can obtain glucose from the blood without this but other cells do need this. Promotes cellular uptake and use of glucose for energy. Normally the body secretes insulin in response to a high blood glucose level. Stimulates liver and muscle to remove glucose from blood. Stores it as glycogen.

Insulin

When the liver has stored all the glycogen possible, glucose in converted into what? Insufficient insulin secretion. Insufficient receptor sites on target cell membranes. Defective receptor sites that do not recognize insulin. What is this? What does this leas to which causes abnormally high blood glucose?

- fat - Hypoactivity of insulin - diabetes mellitus

With this, it is insulin dependent. The beta cells of the pancreas do not secrete enough insulin. What is this? With this, it is non-insulin dependent and there is a diminished response to insulin. What is this?

- Type I diabetes mellitus - Type II diabetes mellitus

What pituitary hormones control the reproductive organs?

follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Begins during fetal development. Continues for a short time after birth. Ceases during childhood. Resumes at puberty. Secreted by testes. Function (at onset of puberty). Growth and development of the male reproductive structures. Increased skeletal and muscular growth. Enlargement of the larynx accompanied by voice changes. Growth and distribution of body hair. Increased male sexual drive

Testosterone

Produce female sex hormones. Include estrogen and progesterone. What is this? What hormone occurs at onset of puberty. Development of breasts and distribution of fat evidenced in the hips, legs, and breasts. Maturation of reproductive organs (uterus and vagina)? What hormone causes uterine lining to thicken in preparation for pregnancy?

- Ovaries - Estrogen - Progesterone

Small cone-shaped structure. Extends from third ventricle of brain. Contains specialized secretory cells called pinealocytes. Secretes melatonin and synthesizes melatonin. What is this? What hormone secrete it directly into cerebrospinal fluid and take it into blood. High levels are secreted at night. Low levels are secreted during the day.?

- Pineal Gland - Melatonin

Acts on hypothalamus and inhibits gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Regulates circadian rhythm. Example: sleepiness/wakefulness cycle. Increased plasma melatonin levels (night) are associated with sleepiness. Plays a role in hunger/satiety cycles mood changes, and jet lag.

Melatonin

Located near the midline. Produces the hormone thymosin. Assists in development of certain blood cells that help to protect body against foreign organisms. Play an important role in the body's immune mechanism.

Thymus gland

Glands show some degree of glandular atrophy. Increased amount of fibrous tissue and fat deposits. Decline in the rate of hormone secretion. Accompanied by decreased rate of metabolic destruction. No evidence that structural changes have functional significance. - The decline in the rate of hormone secretion may be a result of changes in the target tissues that decrease the cellular need for the hormone - Because the decline in hormone secretion is combined with a decreased rate of metabolic destruction, the blood levels of circulating hormones remain relatively constant throughout aging

Aging of Endocrine System