Chapter 1- Intro to A&P Flashcards
Is essential to understand for those planning a career in health sciences
Human body
Study of the shape and structure of the human body and its parts.
Human anatomy
deals with large structures of the human body that can be seen through normal dissection
gross anatomy
deals with smaller structures and fine detail that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope.
microscopic anatomy
scientific study of the functions or processes of the human body. Answers the how, what, and why anatomic parts work.
human physiology
Levels of Organization:
- Chemical level (atoms and molecules)
- Cells (cellular)
- Tissues
- Organs
- Body Systems
- Total Organism
deals with the interaction of atoms (such as hydrogen and oxygen), and their combinations into molecules (such as water)
chemical level
The basic living units of all organisms
cells
There are about how many dynamic living cells in the human body?
75 trillion
Group of cells that have a similar structure and function together as a unit. Cells with similar structure and function grouped together.
Tissues
What are the form main types of tissue?
Epithelial, connective (connect muscle), muscle, and nervous
Two or more tissue types that form a more complex structure and work together to perform one or more functions. ex–> skin, heart, ear, stomach, and liver
Organs
Consists of several organs that work together to accomplish a set of functions
Body systems
Made up of several systems that work together that maintain life
Total Organism
The human body has how many major organ systems?
11
Consists of the skin and the various accessory organs associated with it. These accessories include: hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous oil glands
Integumentary System
Function of Integumentary System: (5)
- protect underlying tissue from injury
- temperature regulation
- protect against water loss
- contains sense receptors
- synthesize chemicals to be used in other parts of the body
Consists of bones, joints, and ligaments, and cartilage hat bines the bones together
Skeletal System
Function of the Skeletal System: (2)
- forms the framework of the body
- protects underlying organs
What do bones provide for the body in the skeletal system? (3)
- serve as attachments for muscles
- act with muscles to produce movement
- provide calcium storage
Within bone and produce blood cells and store inorganic salts containing calcium and phosphorous
Tissue
Muscular System Functions: (3)
- As muscles contract, they create the forces that help to produce movement and maintain posture
- store energy in the form of GLYCOGEN
- primary source of HEAT within the body
Consists of brain, spinal cord, and associated nerves
Nervous System
Function of Nervous System: (2)
- coordinate body activities
- receives and transmits stimuli
Are specialized to transmit impulses from one point to another. In this way, body parts can communicate with one another with the outside environment.
Nerve cells (neurons)
Some nerve cells have what special endings that detect any change in the environment?
sense receptors
What 2 systems are mainly the ones who control homeostasis within the body?
Which system acts quickly? Which one acts slowly but with more sustained effect?
- Nervous (acts quickly) and endocrine systems (acts slowly with more sustained effect)
Includes all the glands that secrete chemicals called hormones.
Endocrine System
Functions of the endocrine system: (3)
- regulates metabolic activity and body chemistry
- work together with nervous system to coordinate and regulate body activities to maintain proper balance.
- regulate reproductive functions in males and females
Travel through the blood and act as messengers to regulate cellular activities
hormones
Consists of blood, heart, and blood vessels
Cardiovascular system
Cardiovascular System Functions: (3)
- The blood transport nutrients, hormones, and oxygen to tissue cells
- Removes waste products such as carbon dioxide
- Have white blood cells (leukocytes) that defend the body against disease
Acts as a pump to circulate blood and create the forces necessary to maintain blood pressure
Heart
Serves as pipes/channels for the flow of blood
Blood vessels
Consists of series of vessels that transport fluid. Sometimes considered a part of cardiovascular system. Include lymph, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs
Lymphatic system
Series of vessels that transport fluid from tissues back into the blood. It passes through the lymph nodes, which filter out foreign particles
lymph
What are the 3 lymphoid organs?
tonsils, spleen, and thymus
Filter the lymph to remove foreign particles as a protection against disease. Function in the body’s defense mechanism by enhancing the activities of cells that inactivate specific pathogenic agents
lymphoid organs
Begins in the mouth. Include mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
Digestive system
What are the accessory organs for the digestive system?
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Function of Digestive system: (3)
- ingest food
- Process food into form that can be used in the body
- eliminate residue
Function of Respiratory system:
- brings oxygen, in the form of air into the lungs
- removes CO2
- provide a membrane for the exchange of these gases between the blood and the lungs
What does the respiratory system consist of?
- pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Consists of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Urinary System
What removes waste from the blood, especially nitrogenous wastes, regulate fluid level, and regulate chemical contents of the body?
Kidney
What is the product of kidney function?
Urine… which is transported through the ureters and urethra
What serves as a reservoir or storage for the urine after being transported through the ureters and urethra?
urinary bladder
Production of new individuals. What does this system produce?
Reproductive System… reproductive cells
Primary organs of the reproductive system and has accessory glands (ovaries: eggs and testes: produce sperm) that support developments of embryo and fetus
gonads
The male reproductive systems main concern is with the production and maintenance of what and is responsible for the transfer of these cell to the female?
sperm
“staying the same”. The constant internal environment that must be maintained for the cells of the body. Body systems are functioning normally. Internal environment of the body is in equilibrium. Body is in a healthy state.
Homeostasis
If conditions deviate from normal the body needs to retore conditions back to normal. The goal of medical treatment is to restore homeostasis. If unsuccessful what can happen?
illness, disease, or death
Any condition or stimulus that disrupts the homeostasis balance of the body.
Stressor
Works to bring conditions back to the normal range. A response mechanism of the body in which a stimulus initiates a reaction to reduce the stimulus. Does not prevent bad conditions from occurring but tries to restore it back to a normal range.
Negative feedback mechanism
Used to communicate effectively in the health care field
Anatomical terms
Body i standing erect, face forward, arms at the sides, palms and toes are directly forward.
Anatomical position
Used to describe the relative position of one part to another
Directional terms
a part above another part, or closer to the head.
List an example…
Superior
Ex: The nose is superior to the mouth
A part below another part, or closer to the feet
List an example…
Inferior
Ex: The heart is inferior to the neck
A part toward the front surface.
List an example….
Anterior
Ex: The heart is anterior to the vertebral column
A part towards the back.
List an example…
Posterior
Ex: The heart is posterior to the sternum
A part toward or nearer, the midline of the body
List an example…
Medial
Ex: The nose is medial to the ears
A part toward, or nearer, the side away from the midline
List an example…
Lateral
Ex: The ears are lateral to the eye
A part closer to the point of attachment, or closer to the trunk of the body, than another part
List an example…
Proximal
Ex: The elbow is proximal to the wrist
a part father away from the point of attachment than another part
List an example…
Distal
Ex: The fingers are distal to the wrist
A part located on or near the surface
List an example…
Superficial
Ex: The epidermis superficial to the hypodermis
or the superficial layer of the skin is the epidermis
A part is away from the surface
List an example…
Deep
Ex: muscles are deep to the skin
Pertains to internal organs or the covering of the organs
List an example….
Visceral
Ex: The visceral pericardium covers the heart
The pleura is visceral to the lungs
Refers to the wall of a body cavity
List an example…
Parietal
Ex: The parietal peritoneum lines the wall of the abdominal cavity
Practice using directional terms:
1.) ______ often used for trunk or head.
2.) The head is _______ to the chest.
3.) The buttocks are _____ to the chest.
4.) ________ used for front and back.
1.) Inferior/Superior
2.) Superior
3.) Inferior
4.) Anterior/Posterior
longitudinal section. Lengthwise cut that divide the body into right and left portions.
sagittal place
Divides the body through the middle into right and left halves
midsagittal plane
coronal plane. divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Frontal plane
cross sections. cuts across the body horizontally to divide it into superior and inferior portions
transverse plane
Consists of head, neck, and trunk. Trunk (torso): includes thorax, abdomen, and pelvis
Axis
Consists of the limbs
Appendicular
Spaces within the body that contain the internal organs or viscera
Body Cavities
Towards the spine
Dorsal cavity
contains the brain
cranial cavity
contains the spinal cord
spinal cavity
towards the belly
ventral cavity
contains heart, lungs, esophagus, and trachea
thoracic cavity
What 2 things consist of the abdominopelvic cavity?
abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, most of intestines
abdominal cavity
small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs
pelvic cavity
All human beings begin a a single fertilized egg. During development, cells divide and specialize to form all body tissues, organs, and organ systems. Cells are the structural and functional units of the human anatomy
Structure of the Generalized Cell
Separates the material outside the cell from the material inside the cell. Maintains integrity of the cell. Determines what can go into or out of the cell.
Plasma Membrane
some substances can pass through the membrane but others cannot. The “bodyguard”.
Selective permeable
Main components of the plasma membrane are what?
phospholipids and proteins
gel-like fluid inside the cell. Contains dissolved electrolytes, metabolic waste products, and nutrients
Cytoplasm
Small structures suspended in cytoplasm. Each has a specific role in the metabolic reactions that occur in the cytoplasm.
Organelles
Consists primarily of water
intracellular fluid
Control center that directs the activities of the cell. Large, spherical body that is usually located near the center of the cell. Enclosed by a double-layered nuclear membrane. Contains the genetic material of the cell which is what?
Nucleus… DNA
Dark-staining body within the nucleus.
Nucleolus
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Produce RNA and combine it with protein to form ribosomes
“little organs” that suspended in the cytoplasm of the cell
Cytoplasmic Organelles
“power plant” of the cell. Oval, fluid-filled sacs in the cytoplasm
Mitochondria
What is the function of the mitochondria?
Energy from nutrients is converted to ATP
Stores energy within the cell and provides energy for use by the body cells. Mitochondria transforms nutrients into energy within the cell
ATP
Small granules of RNA in the cytoplasm. Function in protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Complex series of membranous channels that provides a path to transport material from one part of a cell to another
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Granular ribosomes attached to the outer surface. Function in the synthesis and transport of protein molecules
Rough ER
Lack ribosomes and appear smooth.
Smooth ER
What is the function of the Smoot ER?
synthesize certain lipid molecules
helps move substances from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell. Series of 4-6 flattened membranous sacs connected to the ER. Known as the “packaging and shipping plant” of the cell. Especially abundant in granular cells.
Golgi Apparatus
Proteins and lipids are carried through the ER to here. These proteins and lipids are surrounded by a piece of this membrane. Pinched off the end to become a secretory vesicle. Secretory vesicle move to the cell membrane to then release their contents to the exterior of the cell.
Golgi Apparatus
membrane-enclosed sacs of various enzymes
Lysosomes
What are the functions of lysosomes? (3)
- Destroy cellular debris
- Destroy worn out cells
- Breakdown particles, such as bacteria that have been taken into the cell (through phagocytosis)
What are located in the cytoplasm? (2)
cytoskeleton and centrioles
Helps maintain shape of the cell. Plays a role in muscle contraction.
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton is made up of what two things?
Microfilaments and microtubules
long, slender rods of protein that support small projections of the cell membrane called microvilli
Microfilaments
thin hollow cylinders. Found in centrioles, cilia, and flagella.
Microtubules
non membranous rod-shaped structure composed of microtubules.
centrioles
Function of centrioles:
function in cell production by aiding in the distribution of chromosomes to the new daughter cells
A dense area that contains a pair of centrioles
centrosome
Short, cylindric, hairlike processes. Project outward from the cell membrane
cilia
Function of cilia:
- create wavelike motion to move substances across the surface of the cell
Where is cilia found? What does it do there?
found in the respiratory tract where it moves mucus, in which particles of dust are embedded upward and away from the lungs
