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MED-116- Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 16- Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 16- Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the ENTIRE Reproductive System:

A
  • Produce egg and sperm cells
  • Nurture developing offspring
  • Transport and sustain egg and sperm cells
  • Produce hormones
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2
Q

Primary reproductive organs. Include ovaries and testes. Produce hormones and egg and sperm (gametes)

A

Gonads

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3
Q

What regulates normal physiology of reproductive system?

A

Gonads

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4
Q

Include all other organs, ducts, and glands in the reproductive system

A

Secondary (accessory) reproductive organs

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5
Q

What are the functions of the secondary accessory organs?

A

Transport and sustain gametes and nurture the developing offspring (in females)

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6
Q

Functions of MALE Reproductive System:

A
  • Produces, sustains, and transports sperm
  • Introduces sperm to female vagina
  • Produces hormones
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7
Q

Primary reproductive organ in the male. Begins development high in abdominal cavity – lasts 2 months before birth (or shortly after birth) Then descends into scrotum.

A

Testes

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8
Q

What is located outside the abdominal cavity? This provides temperature of about how many degrees Celsius below normal body temperature? because it is necessary for viable sperm.

A

Testes. 3 degrees Celsius

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9
Q

Pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue. Extends below abdomen and behind penis. Contains the testes.

A

Scrotum

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10
Q

Vertical septum of subcutaneous tissue. What is it and each contains how many testis into?

A

Scrotum.. Divides into 2 parts: each contains 1 testis

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11
Q

White fibrous connective tissue capsule. Surrounds each testis.

A

Tunica albuginea

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12
Q

Partitions (acts as a barrier) for each testis into lobules: What is it and How many lobules in each testis?

A

Septa.. 250

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13
Q

Tightly coiled tubules located in the lobules. Converge to form a single straight tubule. Packed with cells in various stages of spermatogenesis

A

Seminiferous tubules

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14
Q

What leads into the rete testis?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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15
Q

Network of tubules on one side of the testis

A

Rete pelvis

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16
Q

What exit the testes?

A

short efferent ducts

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17
Q

Cells located between seminiferous tubules and produce male sex hormones

A

Interstitial cells (cells of Leydig)

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18
Q

Parts of the penis include what? (6)

A

-Root, Body, Glans penis, Corpus spongiosum, urethral orifice, and prepuce

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19
Q

Attaches penis to pubic arch

A

Root

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20
Q

visible portion

A

body (shaft)

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21
Q

Distal end of the penis. Formed by expansion of corpus spongiosum

A

Glans penis

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22
Q

What forms the glans penis?

A

corpus spongiosum

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23
Q

Expands at the end of the penis

A

corpus spongiosum

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24
Q

Opening of the penis at the tip of the glans penis

A

urethral orifice

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25
Q

Foreskin. Loose fold of skin and covers glans penis

A

Prepuce

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26
Q

Interspersed with these cells. Provide support and nourishment for gamete-producing cells

A

Supporting cells

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27
Q

Enter testes early in embryonic development and differentiate into spermatogonia

A

Primordial germ cells

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28
Q

Immature cells that remain dormant until puberty.

A

Spermatogonia

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29
Q

Where is spermatogonia located?

A

Around periphery of seminiferous tubules

30
Q

How many chromosomes and pairs of chromosomes do diploid cells have in spermatogenesis?

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

31
Q

At puberty hormones stimulate cells to begin dividing by what?

A

Mitosis

32
Q

Produce daughter cells and some remain at the periphery as this. Others are pushed toward lumen and become primary spermatocytes with how many chromosomes?

A

Spermatogonia… 46 chromosomes

33
Q

Last Stage of spermatogenesis:

A

spermatids become mature spermatozoa or sperm

34
Q

the head of sperm contains how many chromosomes?

A

23

35
Q

Surrounded by nuclear membrane and covered by an acrosome

A

Head

36
Q

Contains enzymes to help sperm penetrate female gamete

A

Acrosome

37
Q

In Meiosis II, each secondary spermatocyte divides to produce how many spermatids and how many in total?

A

2 spermatids (4 total)

38
Q

Series of efferent ducts leave testis and enter here. Tightly coiled tube along the posterior margin of each testis. Sperm complete maturation process and become fertile as they move through this.

A

epididymis

39
Q

Stored in lower portion of epididymis

A

mature sperm

40
Q

Tubular structure that is continuous with epididymis

A

Ductus deferens

41
Q

What form of movements propel sperm through the ductus deferens

A

Peristaltic

42
Q

What transports sperm from epididymis to the ejaculatory duct?

A

Ductus deferens

43
Q

Each ductus deferens joins duct from the adjacent seminal vesicle to form this

A

Ejaculatory duct

44
Q

What is the function of the ejaculatory duct?

A

Empties sperm fluid from seminal vesicles into urethra

45
Q

Extends from urinary bladder to external urethra orifice

A

urethra

46
Q

Urethra functions as a pathway for:

A
  • Sperm and fluids from reproductive system
  • Urine from urinary system
  • While reproductive fluids are passing through urethra, urinary bladder sphincters contract tightly to keep urine from entering urinary urethra.
47
Q

Sack-like glands that have shot duct that joins with ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory ducts that empty into the urethra. Secrete a fluid that contains fructose to provide an energy source for spermatozoa.

A

Seminal vesicles

48
Q

Firm, dense structure located just behind the urinary bladder. Size of a walnut and encircles the urethra. Numerous short ducts from prostate gland empty into prostate urethra.

A

Prostate

49
Q

Secretions of Prostate:

A

Thin, milky colored, alkaline. Enhances motility of sperm.

50
Q

Secrete alkaline fluid in response to sexual stimulation. Small (size of a pea) and located near base of the penis.

A

Bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s glands)

51
Q

What does bulbourethral glands alkaline fluid do:

A

-Neutralizes acidity of urine residue in urethra
- Helps neutralize acidity of vagina
- Provides lubrication for tip of penis during intercourse

52
Q

Male copulatory organ and transfers sperm to vagina

A

Penis

53
Q

Penis consists of what 2 columns of erectile tissue wrapped in connective tissue and covered with skin?

A
  • corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum (surrounds urethra)
54
Q

Undergo first meiotic division. Produces 2 secondary spermatocytes. Contains 23 chromosomes which are haploid. Just before this division happens, genetic material is replicated and each chromosome consists of 2 chromatids joined by a centromere.
One chromosome (consisting of 2 chromatids) goes to each secondary spermatocyte

A

Primary Spermocytes

55
Q

After each secondary spermatocyte divides to produce 2 spermatids (4 total), centromeres divide into single stranded chromatids and goes to each spermatid

A

Meiosis II

56
Q

Locomotor region. Consists of flagellum

A

Tail

57
Q

Entire process of sperm production (beginning with primary spermatocytes) takes about how many days?

A

74 days

58
Q

Portion that passes through prostate gland

A

Prostatic urethra

59
Q

Short region that passes through pelvic floor

A

Membranous urethra

60
Q

Penile urethra. Extends the length of the penis

A

Spongy urethra

61
Q

Seminal Fluid consists of a slightly alkaline mixture of what? (2)

A
  • sperm cells
  • secretions from accessory glands
62
Q

How much sperm per milliliter of semen are there?

A

50-150 million sperm per milliliter

63
Q

Penis consists of three columns of erectile tissue what are they?
They are wrapped in connective tissue and covered with skin.

A

Corpora cavernosa (2 dorsal columns) and corpus spongiosum ( single, midline ventral column)–surround the urethra

64
Q

Penis enlarges and becomes rigid

A

Erection

65
Q

Forceful discharge of semen into urethra

A

Emission

66
Q

Forceful expulsion of semen from urethra to the exterior. Immediately follows emission

A

Ejaculation

67
Q

Begins to secrete gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) enter the blood and goes to anterior pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

68
Q

Puberty in males begin when (at what age)? When does it end?

A

Begins: 10-12
Ends: 16-18

69
Q

Anterior pituitary gland secretes what hormones after GnRH gets to it?

A

luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH)

70
Q

What is this?
Promotes growth of interstitial cells (cells of Leydig) in testes. Stimulates them to secrete what other hormone?

A

LH… stimulate to secrete testosterone

71
Q

Binds with receptor sites on sustentacular cells (Sertoli cells) in seminiferous tubules. Makes spermatogenic cells respond to stimulation by testosterone. What does testosterone stimulate and what is this called?

A

FSH… stimulates spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules

72
Q

At puberty, this promotes maturation of male reproductive organs, stimulates spermatogenesis, and promotes development of male secondary characteristics

A

Testosterone

MED-116- Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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