Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
Central pump
A
Heart
2
Q
Move blood through the body
A
Blood vessels
3
Q
Transport medium
A
Blood
4
Q
Muscular pump. Provides force necessary to circulate blood to all tissues in the body.
- Tissues need a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients
- Metabolic waste products must be removed
A
Heart
5
Q
How much blood (in liters) is pumped in the heart every minute?
A
5 liters
6
Q
What is located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs, posterior to the sternum, and anterior to the vertebral column?
A
the heart
7
Q
How much of the heart mass is to the left of the body’s midline? How much is to the right?
A
two thirds
and then one third
8
Q
Pointed end of heart
A
Apex
9
Q
Size of the heart varies with size of individual. Average in centimeters is 9c, wide and 12 cm long what could it also be the size of?
A
size of a closed fist
10
Q
Loose-fitting, double-layered sac that encloses the heart
A
Pericardium
11
Q
Outer layer of pericardium. Consists of tough, white fibrous connective tissue.
A
Fibrous pericardium
12
Q
Serous membrane that lines the fibrous pericardium
A
Parietal pericardium
13
Q
Parietal pericardium reflects back onto the surface of the heart to form this. Also called epicardium.
A
Visceral pericardium
14
Q
Small space between parietal and visceral layers of pericardium. Contains a thin layer of serous fluid (reduces friction between the membranes as they rub against each other during heart contractions.
A
Pericardial cavity
15
Q
Same as the visceral pericardium. Consists of a serous membrane. Thin protective layer, firmly anchored to underlying muscle. Contains blood vessels that nourish heart wall.
A
Epicardium
16
Q
Forms bulk of heart wall. Composed of cardiac muscle tissue. Contraction of this provides force that ejects blood from heart and moves it though vessels.. Has continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients. Has an extensive network of blood vessels.
Functions:
- Pump blood to the lungs through the pulmonary circulation
- Pump blood to the rest of the body through the systemic circulation
- Accomplished by contraction and relaxation of the cardiac muscle in this
A
Myocardium
17
Q
Smooth inner lining of heart wall. Permits blood to move easily through heart. Forms the valves of the heart.
A
Endocardium
18
Q
Thin-walled chambers. Receives blood from the veins.
A
Atria
19
Q
Thick-walled chambers. Forcefully pump blood out of the heart.
A
Ventricles
20
Q
Receives deoxygenated blood from superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
A
Right atrium
21
Q
Returns blood to heart
A
Superior vena cava/inferior vena cava
22
Q
Receives oxygenated blood from lungs through four pulmonary veins
A
Left atrium
23
Q
Partition that separates right and left atria
A
Interatrial septum
24
Q
Receives blood from the right atrium. Pumps it to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen
A
Right ventricle
25
Receives blood from left atrium. Pumps it to tissues of body
Left ventricle
26
Thick, muscular partition between the right and left ventricles
Interventricular septum
27
Permits the flow of blood from atria into corresponding ventricle. Prevent backflow of blood from ventricles into atria.
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
28
Between right atrium and right ventricle. Has three cusps
Tricuspid valve
29
Between left atrium and left ventricle. Has two cusps.
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
30
Located at the exit of the right ventricle in the base of the pulmonary trunk.
Pulmonary SL valve
31
Located at the exit of the left ventricle in the base of the aorta
Aortic SL valve
32
What two things contract at the same time according to the pathway of the heart?
both atria and both ventricles
33
Pump on the right side. Pumps blood to lungs
Pulmonary circulation
34
Pumps on the left side. Pump blood to rest of the body
Systemic circulation
35
Pathway of Blood through the heart:
- Blood enters right atrium through superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
- Flows through tricuspid valve into right ventricle
- Passes through pulmonary SL valve
- Flows into pulmonary trunk and into pulmonary arteries
- Blood carried to lungs
- Carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is picked up
- Pulmonary veins carry blood to left atrium
- Blood flows through bicuspid valve into left ventricle
- Flows through aortic SL valve into aorta
- Distributed to all parts of the body through the systemic circulation
36
Supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients
Coronary arteries
37
Located in the right atrium, near entrance of superior vena cava. Initiates impulses without neural stimulation (70-80 times per min). Establishes basic rhythm of the heartbeat (called the pacemaker of the heart). Impulses travel throughout atrial myocardium-- cause atria to contract simultaneously and impulses reach AV node.
Sinoatrial node (SA node) - pacemaker of the heart
38
Located in floor of right atrium, near interatrial septum. Cells here conduct impulses more slowly-- causes brief delay as impulses travel through the node.
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
39
Bundle branches, from av node, extend along the right and left sides of the interventricular septum. Branch profusely to form conduction myofibers known as this...
Purkinje fibers
40
Conduction system of the heart includes impulses that travel from the sinoatrial node (pacemaker) to what?...
Atrioventricular (AV) node-->AV bundle--> Right and left bundle branches--> Conduction myofibers--> Myocardium
41
Consists of one heartbeat. Two atria contract at same time. Then relax while two ventricles contact.
Cardiac cycle
42
Contraction of the atria (0.1 second). AV valves are open, ventricles are in diastole (relaxed), and blood is forced into ventricles.
Atrial systole
43
Contraction of ventricles (0.3 second). Atria are in diastole (relaxed) --filing with blood returned through venae cavae
Ventricular systole
44
First heart sound. Caused by closure of AV valves
Lubb
45
Second hear sound. Caused by closure of SL valves
Dubb
46
Anormal heart sounds. Caused by faulty valves
Murmurs
47
Primary transport medium. Provides cells with nutrients and oxygen. Removes metabolic wastes
Blood
48
Blood volume in an average adult what is it for female and male?
Female: 4-5 liters
Male: 5-6 liters
49
Carries oxygen and nutrients to cells, Transports carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes from the tissues to the lungs and kidneys, Carries hormones from endocrine glands to target tissues
Transportation
50
Regulates body temperature, Fluid and electrolyte balance, pH regulation through the action of buffers in the blood
Regulation
51
Clotting mechanisms prevent fluid loss through hemorrhage when blood vessels are damaged, Phagocytic white blood cells help protect against microorganisms, Antibodies in the plasma help protect against disease
Protection
52
Plasma consists of how much of the blood volume? What about Red blood cells?
- 55%
- 45%
53
Consists of blood volume (composition) along with plasma and red blood cells. Consists of WBCs and platelets. Forms a thin white layer between the plasma and RBCs.
Buffy coat
54
Liquid portion of the blood. 90% water.
Remaining portion is approximately 100 different organic and inorganic solutes
Plasma
55
Most abundant solute. Remain in blood and interstitial fluid. Are not used for energy. Many are synthesized in liver
Plasma Proteins
56
60% of plasma proteins, Produced in liver. Play role in maintaining fluid balance between blood and interstitial fluid
Albumins
57
36% of the plasma proteins. Consists of Alpha and beta globulins and gamma globulins
Globulins
58
Produced in the liver
Alpha and beta globulins
59
Produced in lymphoid tissue
gamma globulins
60
4% of plasma proteins, Produced in liver. Functions in blood clotting.
Fibrinogen
61
During clotting poces, soluble fibrinogen is converted into what?
When blood clots in a test tube, liquid that remains is called what?
insoluble fibrin
- serum
62
Waste products of protein and nucleic acid catabolism
Transported to the kidneys for excretion
Urea and uric acid
63
Electrolytes in blood are important for:
Muscle contraction
Nerve impulse conduction
pH of body fluids
64
Biconcave disks; no nucleus. Function to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. RBCs.
Erythrocytes
65
Nucleated cells. Function as part of body's defense against disease. WBCs. Larger than erythrocytes. Fewer in number. Derived from hemocytoblast stem cells. Do not lose their nuclei. Do most of their work in tissues. Use blood as transport medium.
Leukocytes
66
Nucleus with 2-5 lobes. Indistinct granules in cytoplasm; Function in phagocytosis.
Neutrophils
67
Bilobed nucleus; red-staining granules in cytoplasm. Function to counteract histamine in allergic reactions; destroy parasitic worms. Normal range: 1%-4% of WBCs. Segmented nucleus (no more than two lobes). Large granules in the cytoplasm: stain bright reddish orange
Eosinophils
68
U-shaped or bilobed nucleus; granules in cytoplasm stain blue. Function in release histamine and heparin; called mast cells, in the tissues. Normal range: 0%-1% of WBCs
- S-shaped nucleus
- Large, coarse granules in cytoplasm's
Basophils
69
Agranulocyte; small cell with large round nucleus. 20-25% of total WBCs. Function in immunity; produce antibodies. Large round or slightly indented nucleus.
Small rim of sky-blue cytoplasm around nucleus. Increase of these occurs with certain viral diseases. Includes: infectious mononucleosis, mumps, chicken pos, rubella, viral hepatitis
Lymphocytes
70
Agranulocyte; large cells with beach shaped nucleus. 3-8% of total WBCs. U-shaped or kidney-shaped nucleus. Function in phagocytosis; engulf relatively large particles; called macrophages in tissues. Macrophages: with these types of cells, they leave the blood and enter the tissues. Engulf bacteria and cellular debris and finishes the cleanup process started by neutrophils.
Monocytes
71
Consists of small fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes. Function in hemostasis by forming platelet plug and releasing factors necessary for blood clotting. Platelets. Develop from hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow.
Thrombocytes
72
Production of blood cells. Before birth occurs primarily in liver and spleen. After birth, red bone marrow in specific regions of body, some WBCs are produced in lymphoid tissue.
Hematopoiesis
73
A stem cell in the bone marrow from which blood cells develop
Hemocytoblast
74
Wat are the RBC range for adult?
(Female and male)
Female: 4-5.5 million RBCs/cubic millimeter (mm3) of blood
Male: 4.5-6.2 million RBC's/cubic millimeter (mm3) of blood
75
Thin in the middle and thicker around periphery. Provide flexibility for moving through capillaries. Provide maximum surface area for diffusion of gases
Biconcave disks
76
Mature RBCs do not have a nucleus called what? During development, the nucleus is lost from the cell. Gives cell more room for hemoglobin
anucleate
77
What develop from stem cells in red bone marrow?
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
78
What transports oxygen and, to a lesser extent, carbon dioxide?
Erythrocytes
79
Formed from a pigment that contains iron.
Heme
80
Protein
Globin
81
Heme combines with oxygen in the lungs to form this?
oxyhemoglobin (bright red)
82
Oxygen is released to diffuse into tissue cells called what?
Deoxyhemoglobin (darker red in color)
83
Stimulates erythrocyte production. Liver produces erythropoietin in inactive form (secretes it into blood)
Erythropoietin
84
Wat is needed for RBC production?
Iron, Vitamin B12, and Folic acid
85
Erythrocyte also needs this. Its produced by stomach. Needed for absorption of vitamin B12 in the intestines
Without this, vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed. What is this and what can it result in?
Intrinsic factor
- pernicious anemia
86
What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte? When an erythrocyte ages, cell membrane becomes fragile. Macrophages (phagocytic cells in spleen and liver) remove the from circulation. Replaced by an equal number of new cells (2 million erythrocytes are destroyed and replaced every second).
120 days
87
What 2 things does hemoglobin separate into?
- Heme is broken down into iron compound used to make new hemoglobin called what that is yellow bile pigment?
- What is broken down into amino acids and added to supply of amino acids available in body?
heme and globulin
- bilirubin
- Globin (protein)
88
Leukocytes move through capillary walls into tissue spaces called what?
Diapedesis
89
What are granules in the cytoplasm? What are 3 of them?
Granular leukocytes (granulocytes)
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
90
What have no granules in the cytoplasm? What are 2 of them?
Nongranular leukocytes (agranulocytes)
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
91
Normal range: 50%-70% of WBCs.
Purple, multilobed nucleus (3-5 lobes) . Many fine granules in cytoplasm. Band: Immature neutrophil. Curved, non-segmented nuclei. 0%-5% of neutrophils normally present in band form. First leukocytes to respond to tissue damage
Engulf bacteria by phagocytosis. These along with bands increase during acute infections
Neutrophils
92
What is the normal range of thrombocytes?
- 150,000 to 500,000 platelets/m3 of blood
93
Close breaks in blood vessels. Become sticky and clump together to form platelet plugs. Initiate the formation of blood clots.
Thrombocytes
94
The stoppage of bleeding. What is this? What 3 processes does it consist of?
Hemostasis
- Vascular constriction
- Platelet plug formation
- Coagulation
95
First response to blood vessel injury. Contraction of smooth muscle in vessel walls (constriction). Restricts flow of blood through opening in the vessel. Lasts only a few minutes. Allows enough time for other aspects of hemostasis to begin.
What is this? What hormone do platelets secrete stimulating smooth muscle contraction in vessel wall, prolonging this?
Vascular Constriction
- Serotonin
96
Do not stick to each other and do not stick to blood vessel walls. What are these?
When blood vessels breaks, underlying connective tissue is exposed attracting platelets. Accumulate in damaged region and adhere to connective tissue and each other. What does this create obstructing tear in the vessel?
- Platelets
- Platelet Plug
97
Formation of a blood clot.
Coagulation
98
Factors in the blood that promote clotting. When vessels damaged, these increase activity resulting in the formation of a clot.
Procoagulants
99
Factors in the blood that inhibit clotting. normally override procoagulants. Blood remains and blood does not clot.
Anticoagulants
100
What converts fibrinogen (inactive) fibrin (active)?
Thrombin
101
What threads form a mesh, and adheres to damaged tissues, traps blood cells and platelets to form the clot? After a clot has formed, this contract causing clot to shrink.
Fibrin
102
ABO blood groups.
What are the antigens and antibodies of the following?
A, B, AB, and O
Type A: A antigen, B antibodies
Type B: B antigen, A antibodies
Type AB: A and B antigens, neither A nor B antibodies
Type O: neither A or B antigens, A and B antibodies
103
First studied in rhesus monkey. Inherited trait. What is this?
Does Rh positive (Rh+) have an antigen? What about Rh negative (Rh-)? What consists of 85% of the population?
- Normally, neither Rh+ nor Rh individuals have Rh antibodies
- If Rh– person is exposed to Rh+ blood (through blood transfusion or transfer of blood between a mother and fetus)
- Individual develops Rh antibodies
- If exposed to Rh+ blood a second time
- Transfusion reaction results
Rh blood groups
- no
- Rh+
104
Channels through which blood is distributed to body tissues. Pulmonary vessels transport blood from right ventricle to lungs and back to left atrium. Systemic vessels carry blood from left ventricle to all parts of the body and then return it to right atrium.
Blood vessels
105
Carry blood away from heart. Pulmonary arteries transport blood that has a low oxygen content. From right ventricle to lungs. Systemic arteries transport oxygenated blood from left ventricle to body tissues. Blood is pumped from ventricles into large elastic arteries. Branch repeatedly into smaller arteries (arterioles)
Arteries
106
Branching repeatedly into smaller arteries resulting in microscopic arteries are called what?
Arterioles
107
Middle layer of artery wall. Consists of smooth muscle. Usually the thickest layer. Provides support for the vessel. Changes vessel diameter--to regulate blood flow and blood pressure.
Tunica media
108
Smallest and most numerous of the blood vessels. Form connection between vessels that carry blood away from the heart and the vessels that return blood to heart (veins). Consists of a thin endothelium (one cell layer). Is so small, erythrocytes must pass through them in single file and slows blood flow.
Capillaries
109
Vessels that return or carry blood to the heart. After blood passes through the capillaries, enters small veins: venules. Flows into progressively larger veins until reaches the heart
Veins
110
Transport blood from right side of the heart to the lungs. Then returns to left side of heart. Contains oxygen-poor blood (increased levels of carbon dioxide).
Pathway:
- Blood is returned to right atrium from the tissue cells of the body
- Blood passes through tricuspid valve into right ventricle
- During ventricular systole
- Blood is ejected through pulmonary
SL valve into pulmonary trunk
- Divides into right and left pulmonary arteries
- Each pulmonary artery enters a lung
- Divides into smaller vessels until they become capillaries
- Capillaries of the lungs form networks
- Surround the air sacs: Alveoli
- CO2 diffuses from capillary blood into alveoli
- O2 diffuses from alveoli into blood
- Oxygenated blood enters pulmonary venules
- Form progressively larger veins until two pulmonary veins emerge from each lung
- Blood is carried to left atrium
Pulmonary Circuit
111
In pulmonary circuit, arteries carry oxygenated or deoxygenated away from the heart? What about veins?
- Deoxygenated
- Oxygenated
112
- Provides blood supply to all body tissues
- Carries oxygen and nutrients to cells
- Picks up carbon dioxide and waste products
- Carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle through the arteries to the capillaries in the tissues
- From tissue capillaries, deoxygenated blood returns through a system of veins to right atrium
Systemic Circuit
