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Anatomy + Physiology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the skeletal system?

A

Bones, Joints, Cartilages, Ligaments

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2
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the skeleton?

A

The axial and appendicular skeleton

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3
Q

What are the Functions of Bones?

A

Support the body, protect soft organs, allow movement, store minerals and fats, blood cell formation

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4
Q

What fats and minerals do bones store?

A

Calcium and phosphorus, fat in the internal marrow cavity

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5
Q

How many bones are in the adult human body?

A

206

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6
Q

How many bones in the fetal human body?

A

Over 300

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7
Q

What are the types of bone tissue?

A

Compact bone and spongy bone

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8
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Hard, homogeneous tissue

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9
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

Small needle-like pieces of bone with many open spaces

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10
Q

What are the classifications of Bones?

A

Long, Short, Flat, Irregular

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11
Q

What are long bones?

A

Typically longer than they are wide, a shaft with heads at both ends, all bones of the limbs

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12
Q

What are short bones?

A

Generally cube shaped, mostly spongy bone, sesamoid bones form within tendons

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13
Q

What are Flat Bones?

A

Thin, flattened, and usually curved; to thin layers of compact bone surround a layer of spongy bone

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14
Q

What are Irregular Bones?

A

Irregular shape, do not fit into other bone classification categories

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15
Q

What is the Diaphysis?

A

The shaft of a long bone composed of compact bone

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16
Q

What is the Epiphysis?

A

The ends of a long bone composed of mostly spongy bone

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17
Q

What is the Periosteum?

A

The outside covering of the Diaphysis composed of a fibrous connective tissue membrane

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18
Q

What are Perforating Fibers?

A

Fibers that secure the Periosteum to the underlying bone

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19
Q

What’s are arteries?

A

Bloods Vessels that supply the bone cells with nutrients

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20
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage that covers the external surface of the epiphyses and decreases friction at joint surfaces

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21
Q

What is the Epiphyseal plate?

A

Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young growing bone

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22
Q

What is the Epiphyseal Line?

A

Remnant of the Epiphyseal plate seen in adult bones

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23
Q

What is the Marrow (medullary) Cavity?

A

The cavity inside the shaft of a long bone, contains yellow marrow in adults and red marrow for blood cell formation in infants

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24
Q

What are bone markings?

A

Projections/processes, Depressions/cavities

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25
Q

What are surface features of Bones?

A

Sites of attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments, passages for nerves and blood vessels

26
Q

What are projections/processes?

A

Grow out from the bone surface

27
Q

What are depressions/cavities?

A

Indentations

28
Q

What is the Osteon (Haversian System)

A

Unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings

29
Q

What is the Central (Haversian) Canal

A

Opening in the center of an osteon, carries blood vessels and nerves

30
Q

What’s the Perforating (Volkmann’s) Canal?

A

Canal perpendicular to the Central canal, carries blood vessels and nerves

31
Q

What is the Lacunae?

A

Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes), arranged in concentric rings called lamellae

32
Q

What is the Lamellae

A

Rings around the Central canal, sites of lacunae

33
Q

What is the canaliculi?

A

Tiny canals that radiate from the Central canal to lacunae, form a transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply

34
Q

What are Embryos primarily made up of?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

35
Q

What happens to a lot of the cartilage in the embryonic skeleton during development?

A

It is replaced by bone

36
Q

Where does cartilage remain after most is replaced by bone?

A

Bridge or the nose, parts of ribs, joints

37
Q

What does the Epiphyseal plate do?

A

Allow for lengthwise growth of long bones during childhood

38
Q

How does bone replace cartilage?

A

The action of Osteoblasts

39
Q

How is cartilage ossified?

A

Cartilage is broken down, enclosed cartilage is digested away which opens up a medullary cavity

40
Q

How do bones grow?

A

They are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops

41
Q

What are bones remodeled in response to?

A

Blood calcium levels and the pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton

42
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Bones growing in width

43
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells

44
Q

What are Osteoblasts?

A

Bone-forming cells

45
Q

What are Osteoclasts?

A

Giant bone-destroying cells

46
Q

What do Osteoclasts do?

A

Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium in response to parathyroid hormone

47
Q

What is bone remodeling performed by?

A

Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

48
Q

What is a fracture?

A

A break in a bone

49
Q

What are the two main types of bone fractures?

A

Simple (closed) + Compound (opened)

50
Q

What is a simple (closed) fracture?

A

A break that doesn’t break skin

51
Q

What is a Compound (open) Fracture?

A

A break that breaks the skin

52
Q

How are bone fractures treated?

A

Reduction and immobilization

53
Q

What are common types of fractures?

A

Comminuted, transverse, oblique, impacted, spiral, greenstick

54
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

A bone that breaks into many fragments

55
Q

What is a transverse fracture?

A

A break that occurs at an exact 90 degree horizontal angle

56
Q

What is an oblique fracture?

A

A break that occurs sloped down/up at an angle or curves

57
Q

What is an impacted fracture?

A

When broken bone ends are forced into each other

58
Q

What is a spiral fracture?

A

A ragged break that occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

59
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

A bone breaks incompletely

60
Q

How are fractures repaired?

A

1.) Hematoma is formed, 2.) Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus, 3.) Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bone callus, 4.) Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

Anatomy + Physiology (6 decks)

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