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Anatomy + Physiology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the skeletal system?

A

Bones, Joints, Cartilages, Ligaments

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2
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the skeleton?

A

The axial and appendicular skeleton

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3
Q

What are the Functions of Bones?

A

Support the body, protect soft organs, allow movement, store minerals and fats, blood cell formation

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4
Q

What fats and minerals do bones store?

A

Calcium and phosphorus, fat in the internal marrow cavity

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5
Q

How many bones are in the adult human body?

A

206

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6
Q

How many bones in the fetal human body?

A

Over 300

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7
Q

What are the types of bone tissue?

A

Compact bone and spongy bone

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8
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Hard, homogeneous tissue

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9
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

Small needle-like pieces of bone with many open spaces

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10
Q

What are the classifications of Bones?

A

Long, Short, Flat, Irregular

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11
Q

What are long bones?

A

Typically longer than they are wide, a shaft with heads at both ends, all bones of the limbs

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12
Q

What are short bones?

A

Generally cube shaped, mostly spongy bone, sesamoid bones form within tendons

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13
Q

What are Flat Bones?

A

Thin, flattened, and usually curved; to thin layers of compact bone surround a layer of spongy bone

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14
Q

What are Irregular Bones?

A

Irregular shape, do not fit into other bone classification categories

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15
Q

What is the Diaphysis?

A

The shaft of a long bone composed of compact bone

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16
Q

What is the Epiphysis?

A

The ends of a long bone composed of mostly spongy bone

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17
Q

What is the Periosteum?

A

The outside covering of the Diaphysis composed of a fibrous connective tissue membrane

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18
Q

What are Perforating Fibers?

A

Fibers that secure the Periosteum to the underlying bone

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19
Q

What’s are arteries?

A

Bloods Vessels that supply the bone cells with nutrients

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20
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage that covers the external surface of the epiphyses and decreases friction at joint surfaces

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21
Q

What is the Epiphyseal plate?

A

Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young growing bone

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22
Q

What is the Epiphyseal Line?

A

Remnant of the Epiphyseal plate seen in adult bones

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23
Q

What is the Marrow (medullary) Cavity?

A

The cavity inside the shaft of a long bone, contains yellow marrow in adults and red marrow for blood cell formation in infants

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24
Q

What are bone markings?

A

Projections/processes, Depressions/cavities

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25
Q

What are surface features of Bones?

A

Sites of attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments, passages for nerves and blood vessels

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26
Q

What are projections/processes?

A

Grow out from the bone surface

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27
Q

What are depressions/cavities?

A

Indentations

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28
Q

What is the Osteon (Haversian System)

A

Unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings

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29
Q

What is the Central (Haversian) Canal

A

Opening in the center of an osteon, carries blood vessels and nerves

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30
Q

What’s the Perforating (Volkmann’s) Canal?

A

Canal perpendicular to the Central canal, carries blood vessels and nerves

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31
Q

What is the Lacunae?

A

Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes), arranged in concentric rings called lamellae

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32
Q

What is the Lamellae

A

Rings around the Central canal, sites of lacunae

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33
Q

What is the canaliculi?

A

Tiny canals that radiate from the Central canal to lacunae, form a transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply

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34
Q

What are Embryos primarily made up of?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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35
Q

What happens to a lot of the cartilage in the embryonic skeleton during development?

A

It is replaced by bone

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36
Q

Where does cartilage remain after most is replaced by bone?

A

Bridge or the nose, parts of ribs, joints

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37
Q

What does the Epiphyseal plate do?

A

Allow for lengthwise growth of long bones during childhood

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38
Q

How does bone replace cartilage?

A

The action of Osteoblasts

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39
Q

How is cartilage ossified?

A

Cartilage is broken down, enclosed cartilage is digested away which opens up a medullary cavity

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40
Q

How do bones grow?

A

They are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops

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41
Q

What are bones remodeled in response to?

A

Blood calcium levels and the pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton

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42
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Bones growing in width

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43
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells

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44
Q

What are Osteoblasts?

A

Bone-forming cells

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45
Q

What are Osteoclasts?

A

Giant bone-destroying cells

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46
Q

What do Osteoclasts do?

A

Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium in response to parathyroid hormone

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47
Q

What is bone remodeling performed by?

A

Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

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48
Q

What is a fracture?

A

A break in a bone

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49
Q

What are the two main types of bone fractures?

A

Simple (closed) + Compound (opened)

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50
Q

What is a simple (closed) fracture?

A

A break that doesn’t break skin

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51
Q

What is a Compound (open) Fracture?

A

A break that breaks the skin

52
Q

How are bone fractures treated?

A

Reduction and immobilization

53
Q

What are common types of fractures?

A

Comminuted, transverse, oblique, impacted, spiral, greenstick

54
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

A bone that breaks into many fragments

55
Q

What is a transverse fracture?

A

A break that occurs at an exact 90 degree horizontal angle

56
Q

What is an oblique fracture?

A

A break that occurs sloped down/up at an angle or curves

57
Q

What is an impacted fracture?

A

When broken bone ends are forced into each other

58
Q

What is a spiral fracture?

A

A ragged break that occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

59
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

A bone breaks incompletely

60
Q

How are fractures repaired?

A

1.) Hematoma is formed, 2.) Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus, 3.) Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bone callus, 4.) Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

61
Q

What does the axial skeleton form?

A

The longitudinal skeleton

62
Q

What are the parts of the Axial Skeleton?

A

Skull, Vertebral Column, Body Thorax/Ribs

63
Q

What bones are in the Skull?

A

The Cranium and Facial Bones,

64
Q

How is the mandible attached to the skull?

A

By a freely moving joint

65
Q

What does the hyoid bone do?

A

Aid in swallowing, speech, and a movable base for the tongue

66
Q

How are vertebre named?

A

By location

67
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

24

68
Q

What is the order of vertebrae?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx

69
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

70
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

71
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

72
Q

How many fused sacrum vertebrae are there?

A

9

73
Q

How many fused coccyx vertebrae are there?

A

4

74
Q

What are primary curvatures?

A

Spinal curvatures of the thoracic and sacral regions that are present from birth and form a C-shape

75
Q

What are secondary curvatures?

A

Spinal curvatures of the cervical and lumbar regions that develop after birth and form a S-shape

76
Q

What do the ribs do?

A

Form a cage to protect major organs

77
Q

What do the ribs consist of?

A

The sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae

78
Q

What are true ribs?

A

Pairs 1-7

79
Q

What are false ribs?

A

Pairs 8-12

80
Q

What are floating ribs?

A

Pairs 11-12

81
Q

What is the Appendicular Skeleton?

A

Composed of 126 bones, Limbs, Pectoral Girdle

82
Q

What is the Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder)

A

Composed of two bones, allows the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement

83
Q

What are the bones of the Pectoral Girdle?

A

Clavicle (Collarbone) and Scapula (Shoulder blade)

84
Q

What are the bones of the arms?

A

Humerus, Ulna, Radius

85
Q

What is the humerus?

A

Forms the arm, one bone

86
Q

What’s the Ulna?

A

The little bone in the forearm

87
Q

What’s the radius?

A

The big bone in the forearm

88
Q

What are the bones in the hand?

A

Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

89
Q

What are the carpals?

A

The wrist, 8 bones arranged in 2 rows

90
Q

What are metacarpals?

A

The palm, 5 bones per hand

91
Q

What are phalanges (Hands)?

A

The fingers and thumbs, 3 bones per finger, 2 per thumb

92
Q

What is the pelvic girdle?

A

Composed of three fused bones that protect several organs

93
Q

What are the fused bones of the pelvic girdle?

A

Ilium, ischium, pubis

94
Q

How does the pelvic girdle support the body?

A

The total body weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis

95
Q

What organs does the pelvic girdle protect?

A

Reproductive, urinary bladder, and part of the large intestine

96
Q

What are the bones of the leg?

A

Femur, tibia, fibula

97
Q

What is the femur?

A

The thigh bone, the heaviest, strongest bone in the body

98
Q

What is the tibia?

A

The shinbone, the bigger bone

99
Q

What is the fibula?

A

The sticklike leg bone has no real role in forming the knee joint

100
Q

What are the bones of the feet?

A

Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges

101
Q

What are the tarsals?

A

Ankle and heel, seven bones

102
Q

What is the calcaneus?

A

heel bone

103
Q

What are the metatarsals?

A

5 bones that form the sole of the foot

104
Q

What are the phalanges (Feet)?

A

14 bones that form the toes

105
Q

What are joints?

A

Articulations of bones

106
Q

What are the functions of joints?

A

Hold bones together, allow for mobility

107
Q

What are the two ways joints are classified?

A

Functionally and Structurally

108
Q

What are synarthroses joints?

A

The functionally Immovable joints

109
Q

What are amphiarthrosis joints?

A

The functionally Slightly movable joints

110
Q

What are diarthroses joints?

A

The functionally Freely movable joints

111
Q

What are functional classification joints?

A

Synarthroses, Amphiarthrosis, Diarthroses Joints

112
Q

What are structural classification joints?

A

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial Joints

113
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

The structural joint that is generally immobile, united by collagenic fibers

114
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

The structural joint that is immobile or slightly movable, connected by cartilage

115
Q

What are the synovial joints?

A

the structural joint that is freely moveable, articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid

116
Q

What are the types of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures, Syndesmosis, Gomphosis

117
Q

What are Fibrous Sutures?

A

Immobile fibrous Joints

118
Q

What are fibrous syndesmosis?

A

Allows more movement than sutures but still immobile

119
Q

What are Fibrous Gomphosis?

A

Immobile Joints

120
Q

What are the types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchrondrasis, Symphysis

121
Q

What are Cartilaginous Synchrondrasis?

A

Immobile cartilage joints

122
Q

What are Cartilaginous Symphysis?

A

Slightly movable cartilage joints

123
Q

What are the features of Synovial Joints?

A

articular cartilage covers the ends of bones, Articular capsule encloses joint surfaces and is lined with synovial membrane, reinforcing ligaments

124
Q

What are the structures associated with the synovial joint?

A

Bursae Sacs and Tendon sheath

125
Q

What are Bursae Sacs?

A

Flattened fibrous sacs that are lined with synovial membranes and filled with synovial fluid

126
Q

What are Tendon Sheaths?

A

The elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

Anatomy + Physiology (6 decks)

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